Humans ; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; standards ; Infant, Newborn ; Nutritional Support ; standards ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

Objective To investigate the effects of amplitude dependent morphological and proliferative changes in human bladder smooth muscle cells (hBSMCs) undergoing physiological stretch in vitro.Methods The hBSMCs were cuhured on silicone membrane and stretched similarly to a bladder cycle at range of stretches and time.The elongation would increase up to 2.5％ every 3 h and 5％ (or 10％,15％,20％ and 25％ depending on the experiment design) in the next 1 h,followed by a rapid decrease,cyclically maintained for a total of 16 h.In subsequent 8 h (24 h cycles) the membrane was maintained in relaxed position.Immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscope were employed to assess the morphological changes.Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry were used to assess the cell proliferation.Results The hBSMCs showed contractile phenotype after application of mechanical strain.Compared with control,the strains at 5％,10％,15％,20％ and 25％ induced most of the cells to change from a more spread-out and stellate state with large cell surface contact areas to a typical spindle-like morphology.The orientation angle of BSMCs remarkably differed depending on the applied strain's magnitude.Absorbance value,which reflects the proliferation activity,analyzed by CCK-8 was improved from 0.471 ± 0.027 (control) to 1.320 ± 0.094 (5％ elongation group,P ＜ 0.0001),1.001 ± 0.029 (10％ elongation group,P ＜0.0001),0.821 ±0.032 (15％ elongation group,P＜0.0001),0.621 ±0.032 (20％ elongation group,P =0.0004) and 0.591 ± 0.056 (25％ elongation group,P =0.0268),respectively.Cell proliferation index increased from (29.35 ±0.55)％ (control) to (55.55 ± 1.05)％ (5％ elongation group,P ＜0.0001),(47.70 ±0.20)％ (10％ elongation group,P＜0.0001),(35.40 ±2.10)％ (15％ elongation group,P ＜0.0001),respectively.However,no significant difference was found in either 20％ elongation group (34.85 ±0.55)％ (P=0.1372) or 25％ elongation group (30.35 ±0.45)％ (P=0.5234).Conclusions Proliferative and morphological changes could be observed in hBSMCs in vitro.Maximal proliferative potential could be seen at 5％ of stretch.

Objective To investigate the expression of arginase Ⅰ(ARG1)in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)and to analyze its correlation with clinicopathological features.Methods The expression of ARG1 at protein level in 167 samples of HCC and corresponding adjacent liver tissue was detected with high-throughput tissue microarray technique and immunohistochemistry.The correlation between ARG1 expression and clinicopathological features was analyzed with x2 test and Spearman rank correlation analysis.The expression of ARG1 at mRNA level in 68 samples of HCC and corresponding adjacent liver tissue was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction(real-time PCR).Results The expression of ARG1 at protein level in HCC(3.540±3.702)was significantly lower than that of the corresponding adjacent liver tissues(10.290 ± 2.303)(t=-22.421,P=0.000).The ARG1 expression was correlated with differentiation degree of HCC,histological grade,vascular invasion,preoperative level of α-fetoprotein(AFP)and recurrence after operation(all P＜0.05).The ARG1 expression at mRNA level in 68 HCC tissue[0.0997(0.213)]was lower than that of the corresponding adjacent liver tissues[0.563(0.459)],and the difference was statistical significant(u=-6.544,P=0.000).Conclusion Low expression of ARG1 in HCC may take part inHCC genesis and development.Detecting the expression of ARG1 may be helpful in HCC diagnosis,differentiation degree and prognosis assessment.

Objective To investigate whether the activation of secretory prophospholipase A2 (sPLA2) plays the role in the pathophysiological mechanism of acute aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) in rats. Methods Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups. Model group received decocted Aristolochia Manshuriensis Kom 30 g·kg-1d-1 by gavage for 7 days following tap water in same way for additional 7 days. Control group received only tap water by garage at parallel time. The renal pathological changes were observed at the 4th, 8th and 14th day. The injury of renal tubules and interstitium was observed under light microscope following a semi-quantity grade. The level of Scr was measured to evaluate glomerular function. Urinary N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) was tested as renal tubular injury marker. The activity of sPLA2 in serum was detected by manifesting the color of thiols in the substrate. The protein expression of renal cortex and medulla COX-2 was analyzed by Western blot. The metabolic products of pretaglandins (PC, s) including 6-kcto-PGF1α and TXB2 in the plasma and urine were assayed by radioimmunoassay. The ratio of 6-keto-PGF1α/TXB2 was calculated. Results After Aristolochia administration, the tubulointerstitial injury and Scr increased in AA rats and reached the peak at the 8th day, the tubulointerstitial injury index(8.14±2.55 vs 1.50±0.71, P<0.05) and Scr[(0.24±0.10) vs (0.19±0.02) μmol/g, P<0.05] increased significantly in AA rats compared with control group. The activity of sPLA2 (μmol ·min-1·mg-1) in AA group elevated by 1.3-fold compared to control group at 8th day (133.15±17.05 vs 101.3±16.07, P<0.05), while theexpression of COX-2 in renal cortex increased (1.16±0.36 vs 0.69±0.28, P<0.05) with no change in renal medulla. Even though the levels of serum 6-keto-PGF1α and TXB2 did not change obviously in both AA and control group, but urinary levels of 6-keto-PGF1α and TXB2 increased by 2-fold and 3-fold in AA group compared to control group, respectively (all P<0.05), while the ratio of 6-keto-PGF1α/TXB2 decreased significantly (207.53±17.52 vs 296.64±51.31, P<0.05). All of above changes recovered to the control level at the 14th day except the tubulointerstitial injury index. Conclusion Serum sPLA2 is activated in the rots with acute kidney injury induced by aristolochic acid, which accompanied by up-regulated expression of COX-2 in renal cotex and increased the metabolic products of vasoconstrictive PG s in urine. These changes may participate the mechanism of renal peritubular ischemia in AAN.

Objective To explore the optimal cut-off points of body mass index(BMI),percentage of body fat(PBF) and body fat mass index(BFMI) for identification of cardiovascular risk factors clustering among elderly males. MethodsThe data of physical examinations from 1 052 Shanghai elderly males in 2007 were collected.The relationship between cardiovascular risk factors clustering and different strata of BMI,PBF and BFMI was analyzed.Receiver Operator Characteristic(ROC) curve analysis was employed to determine the optimal cut-points for identification of cardiovascular risk factors clustering,and area under curve(AUC) was worked out.The population attributable risk proportion(PARP) of risk factors clustering was calculated. Results Odds ratios of risk factors clustering tended to increase with BMI,PBF and BFMI.BMI≥24 kg/m2,PBF≥21% and BFMI≥5 kg/m2 were the cut-off points that had approximate sensitivity and specificity,and/or had the shortest distance in ROC curve.AUC of all the three indexes was larger than 0.5.Analysis of PARP indicated that BMI under 24 kg/m2,PBF under 21% and BFMI under 5 kg/m2 could prevent 27.1%,37.44% and 36.63% risk factors clustering,respectively. Conclusion BMI≥24 kg/m2,PBF≥21% and BFMI≥5 kg/m2 can well reflect the cardiovascular risk factors clustering among elderly males.

The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of the adenosine derivative N6-(3-hydroxylaniline) adenosine (WS070117M1) on cigarette smoke plus LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in mice and its mechanism. COPD model was established by exposing male BALB/c mice to cigarette smoke and challenged with LPS inhalation. Supernatants of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were harvested and IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TGF-β1 levels were measured by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunesorbent assay). The number of total white blood cells and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was counted separately. Lung tissue was stained with Mayer 's hematoxylin and eosin for histopathologic examination. pAMPKa protein expression and distribution of lung tissue were analyzed by immunohistochemistry method. In vitro, levels of AMPKα phosphorylation in phorbol-12- myristate-13-acetate (PMA) differentiated THP-1 cells was detected by immunohistochemistry, IL-8 level in supernatants of cigarette smoke condensate stimulating PMA differentiated THP-1 cells was measured by ELISA. The results showed that WS070117M1 treatment significantly activated AMPKa in the lung tissue. It also resulted in down regulation of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TGF-β1 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and IL-8 level in cigarette smoke condensate stimulating PMA differentiated THP-1 cells. In addition, WS070117M1 could inhibit the recruitment of total white blood cells and neutrophils. These results suggest that WS070117M1 may alleviate the airway inflammation by activating AMPK in the lung tissue.
AMP-Activated Protein Kinases ; metabolism ; Adenosine ; analogs & derivatives ; Animals ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Inflammation ; drug therapy ; Interleukin-1beta ; metabolism ; Interleukin-6 ; metabolism ; Interleukin-8 ; metabolism ; Leukocyte Count ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Neutrophils ; cytology ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; drug therapy ; Smoke ; adverse effects ; Tobacco ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; metabolism

OBJECTIVESome neonates especially premature infants, low birth weight infants and extremely low birth weight infants have limited endogenous energy stores. It is necessary to establish continuous administration of postnatal nutrition. The use of parenteral nutrition (PN) in neonates with immaturity of digestive system and intentionally delayed feedings has gained widespread acceptance. PN has been shown to provide sufficient nutrients to maintain growth in newborn infants. The major complication of PN in neonates is PN-associated cholestasis (PNAC). It remains a significant and frequent clinical problem for neonatal practitioners. In some cases, progressive liver damage, liver failure and death may become inevitable. In order to analyze the risk factors of the PNAC in neonates and to provide the evidence of safety and efficiency in clinical nutrition support, the clinical data of 612 neonates who had received PN for more than 5 days during the past 20 years were reviewed.

METHODSRetrospective analysis on data collected from April 1985 to March 2005 was performed. The records of 612 neonates were divided into two groups according to the established Nutrition Support Team (NST) in our hospital. Each group included two sub-groups. Seventy neonates of the first group were divided into PNAC group (n = 6) and non-PNAC group (n = 64); these patients were seen between 1st April 1985 and 31st March 1995. The remaining 542 neonates of the second group who were also divided into 2 groups, i.e. PNAC group (n = 12) and non-PNAC group (n = 530) who were seen from 1st April 1995 through 31st March 2005. The incidence of PNAC between the first group and the second group was compared and the associated factors were analyzed. The PNAC was defined when serum level of direct-bilirubin exceeded 1.5 mg/dl or direct-bilirubin greater than 50% of the bilirubin and excluding cholestasis resulted from other diseases.

RESULTSThe total incidence of PNAC in neonates who had received TPN for more than 5 days was 2.94%. The incidence of PNAC of the first and the second decade was 8.57% and 2.21%, respectively (OR = 0.242, 95% CI = 0.088 approximately 0.666). The average gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW) of PNAC group were less than those of the non-PNAC group (GA: (33 +/- 5) w vs. (36 +/- 4) w, P = 0.009; OR = 0.827, 95% CI = 0.698 approximately 0.980. BW: (2003 +/- 743) g vs. (2393 +/- 764) g, P = 0.045; OR = 1.001, 95% CI = 0.999 approximately 1.002). The PN duration and calorie intake of PNAC group was longer than that of the non-PNAC group (PN duration: 32 +/- 30 d vs. (13 +/- 10) d, P = 0.000; OR = 1.072, 95% CI = 1.032 approximately 1.112. Calorie intake: [(272 +/- 46) kJ/(kg.d)] [(65.0 +/- 10.9) kcal/(kg.d)] (1 kcal = 4.184 kJ) vs. [(232 +/- 55) kJ/(kg.d) (55.5 +/- 13.1) kcal/(kg.d)], (P = 0.002; OR = 1.066, 95% CI = 1.012 approximately 1.122), but the weight gain in the non-PNAC group had a tendency to increase as compared to that of the PNAC group [(20 +/- 27) g/d vs. (9 +/- 19) g/d, P = 0.175].

CONCLUSIONSThe incidence of PNAC was associated with the longer duration of PN, the smaller age at initiation of PN, the higher calorie intake, prematurity and lower birth weight. Establishment of the nutrition support team can normalize the practice of the PN administration and decrease the incidence of the complication with nutrition support. It is a favorable mode and it can provide a safer, more effective and reasonable means in clinical nutrition support. To avoid PNAC, it is suggested that the administration of enteric feeding should start as soon as possible, which may enhance effective contraction of gallbladder and secretion of gastrointestinal hormones, and it is best to avoid high calorie of PN and control the calorie intake under 251.04 approximately 334.72 kJ/(kg.d) [60 approximately 80 kcal/(kg.d)].

Cholestasis ; complications ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; physiology ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; growth & development ; Male ; Parenteral Nutrition ; adverse effects

OBJECTIVETo assess micronutrients level in children with short bowel syndrome.

METHODSClinical data of 17 children with short bowel syndrome from April 2004 to July 2006 were collected. They received the measurement of serum vitamin A, E and - carotene by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

RESULTSThere were 9 boys and 8 girls with age range of 3 months to 18 years. Eleven children did not need parenteral nutrition (PN), and 6 still depended on PN. Six cases were free of ileocolic valve and 11 cases had ileocolic valve. The length of remaining intestine was more than 75 cm in 5 patients and less than 75 cm in 12 patients. Among 11 cases without PN, 9 were tested for serum iron, zinc and copper levels. Their incidences of below the reference value of vitamin A, E and beta - carotene were 23.5%, 35.3% and 58.8%, respectively. The incidences of below the reference value of vitamin A and beta - carotene were higher in patients with weaned PN, less than 75 cm remaining intestine and without ileocolic valve. The patients with more than 75 cm remaining intestine and still with PN had a higher incidence of below the reference of vitamin E, but the incidence was similar in the patients with or without ileocolic valve. Serum zinc was lower than normal level in 3 cases and serum iron was low in 1 case.

CONCLUSIONSupplement of extra micronutrients is essential for short bowl syndrome patient whatever they receive the PN or have normal diets, and follow- up is recommended.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Micronutrients ; blood ; Nutrition Assessment ; Nutritional Status ; Parenteral Nutrition ; Short Bowel Syndrome ; blood ; therapy ; Treatment Outcome

Nutritional therapy is the basis for all types of diabetes treatment, but has not been properly applied due to the lack of scientific criteria. In 2010, the China Medical Nutrition Therapy Guideline for Diabetes was successfully developed based on the up-to-dated scientific research evidences (especially those from China) using Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine grading system. These guidelines cover the nutrition-based prevention and treatment of diabetes and its complication as well as the parenteral and enteral nutritional supports, with an attempt to improve the quality of life and lower the burdens of diabetes and its complications.
China ; Diabetes Mellitus ; therapy ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Humans ; Nutrition Therapy ; standards ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

OBJECTIVETo investigate the value of multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) in demonstrating the relationship between bronchus and peripheral lung cancer.

METHODSWe prospectively performed volumetric targeted scans of 0.5 mm collimation with MSCT and reconstructed images of multiplanar reconstruction (MPR), curved multiplanar reformations (CMPR) and surface shaded display (SSD) in 53 peripheral lung cancers. The results were compared with macroscopic and microscopic specimens.

RESULTS(1) The third- to seventh-order branches of the bronchi were clearly shown in all patients by the designed protocol. CT demonstrated the tumor-bronchus relationship in 29 (96.7%) adenocarcinomas and 13 (76.5%) squamous-cell carcinomas. Statistic analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups (chi(2) = 2.8, P > 0.05). (2) The tumor-bronchus relationship was identified as four types with MSCT. Type I: bronchus was obstructed abruptly by the tumor, type II: bronchus penetrated into the tumor with tapered narrowing and interruption, type III: bronchus lumen shown within tumor was patent and intact, type IV: bronchus ran at the periphery of the tumor with intact or narrowed lumen. (3) Type I was shown in 31 of 53 (58.5%) tumors with squamous-cell carcinoma slightly more common than adenocarcinoma. Type II and type III were seen equally in 8 of 53 (15.1%) tumors which occurred only in adenocarcinomas. Type IV was seen in 15 of 53 (28.3%) tumors with adenocarcinoma being slightly more frequent than squamous cell carcinoma. (4) The tumor at the fourth-order bronchus was more common in squamous cell carcinoma, whereas that at the fixth-order bronchus was more likely in adenocarcinoma.

CONCLUSIONVolumetric targeted scan of ultra-thin section with MSCT and followed by MPR, CMPR and SSD reconstruction can greatly improve the manifestation of the bronchioles and accurately demonstrate the patterns of tumor-bronchus relationship, thereby reflecting pathologic changes to some extent.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Bronchi ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Tomography, Spiral Computed