To introduce germfree isolating technologies used in gnotobiology , and to compare the differences with in Cleaning Rooms, Restrictive Access Barrier Systems (RABS) and Isolators.To expect the development of isolators , and to describe the uses of isolators in gnotobioly .

Infantile cholestasis is a syndrome caused by multiple factors with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia for clinical characteristics. The etiologic factors include infection, poisoning, inherited metabolic defects and bile duct abnormalities. Infection, biliary atresia accounts for more than half of cholestasis children. Recently, the new causes have been recognized, for example citrin deficiency, Alagille syndrome,progressive familial cholestasis symptoms caused by different causes are similar to biliary atresia, but the prognosis and treatment are quite different. If misdiagnosed, the condition will exacerbate. Understanding the various causes plays an important role for the early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of infantile cholestasis.

OBJECTIVE:To develop an HPLC-fluorescence method for simultaneous determination of losartan and its major metabolite(E-3174) in human plasma.METHODS:Plasma sample was pretreated by liquid-liquid extraction with aether then determined with valsartan served as internal standard.The determination was performed on Diamonsil C18 with column temperature set at room temperature.The mobile phase consisted of 0.02 mol?L-1 sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (adjusted to pH=2.35 with phosphoric acid)-acetonitrile (57∶43) at a flowrate of 0.5 mL?min-1.The excitation wavelength was set at 250 nm and the emission wavelength was set at 370 nm.RESULTS:The linear range of losartan was 10～1 000 ng?mL-1(r=0.999 0) with a lowest limiest of quantification(LLOQ) of 10 ng?mL-1;the linear range of E-3174 was 5～1 000 ng?mL-1(r=0.999 0) with a LLOQ of 5 ng?mL-1.The methodological recoveries of losartan and E-3174 were 94.05%～110.09% and 107.7%～110.94%,respectively,with both intra-day RSD and inter-day RSD at less than 10.0%;the extraction recoveries of losartan and E-3174 were 69.16%～70.85% and 67.50%～70.77%,respectively.CONCLUSION:The developed method is simple,accurate and reproducible,and it is applicable for the concentration determination and pharmacokinetic studies of losartan and its major metabolite (E-3174) in human plasma.

Magnesium participates in many fundamental metabolic processes and plays important roles in maintaining normal body function. Magnesium homeostasis is regulated by a fine balance between gastrointestinal absorption and renal excretion. Several hereditary disorders characterized by hypomagnesemia have been described since 1960s, including familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis, autosomal dominant hypomagnesemia with hypocalciuria, hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia, autosomal dominant hypocalcemia and etc. Recent advances in molecular genetics and protein functions contribute to more understanding of magnesium transport. We will review clinical aspects of hereditary disorders of hypomagnesemia and summarize genetic findings related to these disorders.

BACKGROUND:Unicompartment knee replacement is more popular for smal trauma, rapid recovery, low complication and almost normal knee mechanics, and has been more and more used in clinic to repair single compartment knee disease. At present, there is no report about the influence of the angle of the single condyle prosthesis on the survival rate. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effectiveness of unicompartmental knee replacement for medial compartmental osteoarthritis of the knee in 4-6 years of fol ow-up. METHODS:Thirty patients with medial compartmental osteoarthritis of the knee were treated by unicompartmental knee replacement with Oxford system. Complication occurrence was observed. Curative effects were evaluated with Hospital for Special Surgery score before and 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after surgery. On anteroposterior view, the varus/valgus alignments of the tibial components were measured relative to the long axis of the tibia. On lateral view, flexion/extension of the femoral component was measured relative to the posterior femoral cortex. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) Primary healing of incision was obtained in al patients, and no infection or lower limb deep venous thrombosis occurred. (2) Al of the patients were fol owed up for 48-72 months. There was no prosthetic loosening, dislocation or revision for contralateral compartment and patel ofemoral joint symptoms. (3) Hospital for Special Surgery score was significantly increased to (90.47±4.05) (P=0.00). (4) Tibial placement angle of single condyle prosthesis:The axis of the prosthesis was perpendicular to the axis of the tibia in 21 cases. Varus placement:2° in 1 case, 4° in 3 cases, 5° in 2 cases, 6° in 2 cases, and 10° in 1 case. No valgus occurred in the tibial side. (5) Femoral prosthesis placement angle:The axis of the femoral prosthesis was paral el to the posterior edge of the femoral cortex in 22 cases, on the flexed position:4° in 2 cases, 5° in 1 case, 6° in 1 case and 7° in 1 case;in the extension position:3° in 1 case, 4° in 1 case and 5° in 1 case. (6) Results suggested that the unilateral condylar replacement for the repair of medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee has a good initial effect. The middle-term and long-term efficacy needs longer fol ow-up study.

As a common pathogen, pulmonary mycoplasma in children will lead to various clinical manifestations, involving hematologic, alimentary, and central nervous systems injuries except for respiratory system, and develop many kinds of extra-pulmonary complications.Here in some rare complications accompanied by mycoplasma infection will be elucidated to enforce the understanding, early reorganization, then ameliorate the outcomes.

Objective To review the blood gas analysis of H7N9 flu patients for better understanding the characteristics and prognosis of the emerging disease.Methods A retrospective review was conducted for the 15 H7N9 influenza patients,whose blood gas profile was tested with a Radiometer 80 Blood Gas Analyzerin our hospital.The profile of blood gas analysis was compared between the 12 surviving patients and the 3 deaths in terms of their outcomes.Results The 3 patients who died of H7N9 influenza averaged 83 years old.The partial pressure of oxygen was <8 kPa in 9 of the 12 surviving patients,which meet the diagnostic criteria of type I respiratory failure.Their partial pressure of oxygen all recovered to normal (11 .033 ± 2.335 kPa,reference range 10-14 kPa)on discharge.The pH value of peripheral arterial bloold averaged 7.335 (range 7.39-7.54)on adission for the 3 patients who died of H7N9 influenza.The worst average pH value was 7.233 (range 7.32-7.35), which was significantly different from the values of the surviving patients.Conclusions Elderly patients are susceptible to H7N9 influenza infection and subsequent respiratory failure.Old age was associated with higher mortality.The partial pressure of ox-ygen is not significantly associated with patient outcomes.Appropriate active treatment may recover the blood gas profile to normal regardless of the initial values.If decreasing peripheral arterial bloold pH value is highly suggestive of poor prognosis, comprehensive measures should be taken to keep acid-base balance,including assisted ventilation to correct hypoxemia.

Recently,there had been many researches about the effects of brain nat-riuretic peptide(BNP)and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP)on diagnosis and differential diagnosis of cadiovascular disease,risk classification,assessment of the treatment,prognosis and screening.Some results had been applied to clinical.This article reviews the progress of BNP and NT-proBNP on pe-rioperative monitoring for congenital heart defect.

0.05). Significantly less amount of hemorrhage was found in women who delivered after 2 hours of massive hemorrhage than those within 2 hours (P