MicroRNAs(miRNAs) are a newly discovered class of small noncoding RNAs that rcgulate gene expression by translational repression or mRNA degradation.It has become evident that miRNAs are involved in many important biological processes,including tissue differentiation and development,showing a tissue specificity and development-stage specificity.In the other hand,miRNAs play critical roles in neovascularization and a variety of pathophysiological processes,such as pathological angiogenesis,oxidative stress response,immune response and inflammation.Currently,miRNAs of the retina,lens and cornea have been established,and they would be potential therapeutic targets in the eye diseases.Here,the distribution of miRNAs in the eye and their role in ocular diseases were summarized.

Rectal cancer is one of the common malignant tumors in China,and the incidence rate is rising year by year.Comprehensive treatment based on surgical operation is the major treatment of low rectal cancer.The treatment concept requires not only radical resection of tumor,but also preservation of the anal and urogenital function,to improve the quality of patients' life.By improving the accuracy of preoperative staging of rectal cancer,neoadjuvant therapy,and following the principle of total mesorectal excision,patients can benefit in terms of increased resection rate,decreased operation complication incidence,increased sphincter preservation,decreased local recurrence and increased overall survival rate.With the development of medical technology,minimally invasive surgery of low rectal cancer has been developed rapidly.In this paper,new progress in the surgical treatment of low rectal cancer will be reviewed.

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of Chinese herbal and western medicines(CHM & WM)combined with acupoint pulse-laser stimulation(APLS)for calculus of upper urinary tract.Methods Sixty cases of calculus of upper urinary tract were allocated to the treatment group(Group A,n=36)and the control group (Group B,n=24).Group A was treated with CHM & WM combined with APLS and Group B with CHM alone.Results The therapeutic effect rate was 94.4% and 75.0% in Group A and Group B respectively (P

Alzheimer's disease(AD) is one of the most common causes of mental deterioration in elderly individuals, accounting for around 45~60% of the overall cases of dementia over 65 years of age. Although there is presently no "cure" for AD, a large number of potential therapeutic interventions have emerged to correct cholinergic dysfunctions. Currently, cholinergic therapy, particularly cholinesterase inhibition, represents the most realistic approach to the symptomatic treatment of AD. Modest efficacy for mild to moderate AD has been shown in well-designed clinical trials for tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantimine. Among other treatment options, estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women is under active investigation, but recent studies showed somewhat disappointing results. Epidemiological and clinical data suggest that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are beneficial in the treatment and prevention of AD. But prednisone and COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib showed no clinical benefit in recent studies. Alpha-tocopherol and gingko biloba showed some beneficial effect in delaying the progression of AD and enhancing cognitive functions. Immunization with beta amyloid peptide was considered to be the only method to prevent and halt disease progression in patients with AD. Recently, phase II clinical trial using synthetic beta amyloid peptide (AN-1792) was discontinued because some patients showed neuro-inflammation which may be caused by autoimmune responses.
Aged ; alpha-Tocopherol ; Alzheimer Disease* ; Amyloid ; Autoimmunity ; Celecoxib ; Cholinesterases ; Cognition ; Dementia ; Disease Progression ; Estrogen Replacement Therapy ; Female ; Ginkgo biloba ; Humans ; Immunization ; Methods ; Prednisone ; Rivastigmine ; Tacrine

For the patients with early breast cancer,the effects of breast-conserving surgery combined with radiotherapy and radical resection are equal,and the former shows less adverse reactions and better aes-thetic outcome. Because of individual differences and the inherent complexity of tumor,to obtain optimal effects,it is an inevitable trend of making an individual comprehensive therapy,which is a combination of radiotherapy,chemotherapy,endocrine therapy and targeted therapy.

Objective To observe the effect of acupuncture at Tianzhu (BL10) on Blood Stasis Type lumbar disc herniation (LDH). Methods From October, 2013 to October, 2015, 108 LDH cases were randomized into observation group (n=53) and control group (n=55) in accordance with the order of visiting. The observation group received Tuina and acupuncture mainly at Tianzhu, while the control group only received Tuina, for four weeks. The clinical efficacy and improvement of Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores were record-ed, and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured before and after treatment. Results The VAS score and IL-6 content decreased in both groups after treatment (t>4.220, P<0.001), and decreased more in the observation group than in the control group (t>3.745, P<0.001). The total effective rate was 94.34% in the observation group, more than 81.82% in the control group (χ2=3.997, P=0.046). The incidence of impromvement of JOA scores was 90.57%in the observation group, more than 76.36%in the control group (χ2=3.920, P=0.048). Conclusion Acupuncture at Tianzhu based on Tuina is more effective on Blood Stasis Type lumbar disc herniation, in term of pain and function, which may relate with decrease of the level of IL-6.

Objective To review the characteristics,mechanism,the brain structural and functional changes of cognitive impairment induced by sleep-disordered breathing in children.Methods The retrieve time was from 2002 to 2014 and the retrieve databases were the US.national library of medicine and Weipu Chinese journal databases.Search word included sleep disorders breathing, cognitive, sleep apnea syndrome, neurobehavioralmanifestations,image,sleep deprivation.Results 52 English literature and 1 Chinese literature were accepted.Most literatures were clinical trial, comparative study, multicenter study, randomized controlled trial, controlled clinical trial.Conclusion The study in the cognitive impairment and characteristics change of the brain function and structure in children with SDB is not enough.Most cognitive assessments are completed by scale.How to diagnosis early,more objectively assess cognitive, study molecular mechanisms, study function change and positioning of brain function need more research in clinical.

Objective To investigate the effect of Naloxone in the pre-hospital care of AOPP.Methods 54 patients with the pre-hospital care of AOPP were divideded into two groups.The treatment group was treated with Naloxone,Atropine and Pyridine aldoxime methyliodide,the control group treated with Atropine and Pyridine aldoxime methyliodide,and the results were analyzed using t-test and x2 test.The efficacy of the two groupswas compareded.Results In the treatment group,the mumber of drug delivery and the dosage of Atropine were less.The recovery time of the actirity of Cholinesterase and the patients coma were shorter.Complications and mortality was significantly lower,but the cure rate was significantly higher than that of the control group.Conclusion Naloxone is effective and safe in the treatment the pre-hospital care of AOPP.It is worthy of clinical promotion.

Objective To assess the application and effects of meticulous capsular dissection technique in the prevention of recurrent laryngeal nerve and parathyroid injuries in thyroid operations . Methods A retrospective analysis of clinical data of 195 cases which received meticulous capsular dissection technique in thyroid operations from June 2007 to June 2012 was carried out .All the cases were supermicro-dissected in the loose clearance between real and false thyroid capsules , leaving the blood vessel dissected close to the real thyroid capsule . Results The operation was successfully performed in all the 195 patients, with recurrent laryngeal nerve clearly exposed in the operation in 9 patients.There were 4 cases of transient recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis (2.1%) and 1 case of permanent paralysis (0.5%).No permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal nerve injuries and permanent hypoparathyroidism happened in the remaining cases . Conclusion The use of meticulous capsular dissection technique not only can effectively avoid the superior laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries , but also can preserve in situ parathyroid glands and their nutrient vessels .

Objective To study the effects of zinc-metallothionein (ZnMT) on the cadmium-induced oxidative damage of liver and kidney in mice. Methods The model of laboratory animal was established by 14 d-cadmium exposure to Kunming mice. Then the cadmium-poisoning mice were grouped as Cd-ZnMT group and Cd-ZnSO4 group and perfused orally by solution of ZnMT and ZnSO4 for 14 days respectively. The morphological changes of liver and kidney were observed by electron microscope. The contents of malonydiadehyde (MDA), the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in supernatant fluid of liver and kidney were determined. Results The decreases of the contents of MDA, the increases of the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in liver and kidney of mice in Cd-ZnMT and Cd-ZnSO4-exposure group were observed compared with those in cadmium-exposure group, the dose-effect relationships were also found. The increases of the activities of SOD and GSH-Px, the decrease of contents of MDA of liver and kidney, were found in Cd-ZnMT-exposure group compared with those of Cd-ZnSO4-exposure group, but without statistical significances. The morphological damages of liver and kidney observed by electron microscope in mice of cadmium-exposure group were more serious than those in mice treated with solution of ZnMT and ZnSO4 after cadmium exposure. Conclusion ZnMT could repair the lipid peroxidative damages in liver and kidney in mice induced by exposure to cadmium in a certain degree.