Liver fibrosis can be caused by chronic liver injury arising from various etiological factors and it is a reversible process.The activation of the hepatic stellate cell(HSC)is the central event in liver fibrosis,since we know that cytokines secreted from Kupffer cell participate in HSC proliferation,apoptosis and ECM metabolism.In this paper we focus on the relationship between HSCs,Kupffer cell,cytokines and the course of hepatic fibrosis.Elucidating this relationship will benefit research on the role of Kupffer and HSCs in hepatic fibrosis.

Liver fibrosis can be caused by chronic liver injury arising from various etiological factors and it is a reversible process. The activation of the hepatic stellate cell( HSC) is the central event in liver fibrosis,since we know that cytokines secreted from Kupffer cell participate in HSC proliferation,apoptosis and ECM metabolism. In this paper we focus on the relation-ship between HSCs,Kupffer cell,cytokines and the course of hepatic fibrosis. Elucidating this relationship will benefit research on the role of Kupffer and HSCs in hepatic fibrosis.

Mitogen activated protein kinase(MAPK) is one of the four biggest signal transduction systems which contain four subtribes named p38,ERK5/BMK1,ERK and JNK/SAPKrespectively.Previous studies have shown that MAPK pathway is involved in growth,cell differentiation,perishing,the synchronization of cell function and so on.p38MAPK,one of the members of MAPK family,plays an important role in the activation of inflammation-related cells to release inflammation mediator,modulating enzyme production as well as transferring factors activity in the process of chronic bronchitis(CB).This review focuses on multiple roles of p38MAPK in the pathogenesis and progression of CB.

Objective To explore the MRI diagnostic value for pernicious placental abnormalities.Methods MRI findings of 1 5 patients with pernicious placenta previa were retrospectively analyzed after cesarean section.Results Among all cases,total placenta previa was,1 1 cases and partial placenta previa was 4 cases.The placenta located in the anterior wall in 8 cases,posterior wall in 4 cases,lateral wall in 3 cases.4 cases were diagnosed as normal placenta,6 cases as adhesion,4 cases as implanted,and 1 case as penetrating.These cases had certain special MR features.Conclusion MRI is helpful in diagnosing the location and type of the perni-cious placenta,and showing whether complicated with previa implantation and penetrating.

Lead poisoning has become a big threat to public health in China. Traditional treatments usually use chelators to accelerate the excretion of lead by forming complex compounds with it. However, chelators exhibit side effects and have little therapeutic effect on lead-induced impairment so that better drugs are needed. As antioxidants are effective for the treatment of lead poisoning, with lasting effect and little side effect, they have been the focus of increasing studies. This review provides a detailed account of updates on the effects of antioxidant drugs in the therapy of lead poisoning, and of the progress in antioxidant activity of puerarin, quercetin, curcumin, allicin and melatonin in treatment of lead poisoning. To some extent, these five types of drugs can reduce lead poisoning by accelerating lead excretion and antioxidant, increase the body′s antioxidant enzyme activity, reduce oxidative stress and repair damage, which promises some clinical value.

Mitogen activated protein kinase(MAPK)is one of the four biggest signal transduction systems which contain four subtribes named p38,ERK5/BMK1,ERK and JNK/SAPK respectively.Previous studies have shown that MAPK pathway is involved in growth,cell differentiation,perishing,the synchronization of cell function and so on.ERK/MAPK,one of the members of MAPK family,and Sma-and MAD-related(Smad)play important roles in the proliferation of fibroblast,modulating inflammation mediator production as well as transferring factors activity in the process of pulmonary fibrosis(PF).This review focuses on relationship between Smads and ERK in the pathogenesis and progression of PF.

Objective To understand the distribution and antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients in the department of infectious diseases in Xiangya Hospital.Methods The distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility testing results of pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients in this department in 2011 -2015 were analyzed retrospectively.Results A total of 560 strains were isolated during 5 years,of which gram-posi-tive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria accounted for 44.1 % (n =247)and 55.9%(n =313)respectively.69.8%(81/116)of coagulase-negative staphylococcus and 24.3%(9/37)of Staphylococcus aureus were methicillin-resistant (MRCNS,MRSA)respectively.Enterococcus was highly susceptible to vancomycin,linezolid,and phosphonomy-cin (>81 %).Enterobacteriaceae remained highly susceptible to carbapenems (88.9%-100.0%),and was suscep-tible to amikacin,cefoperazone/sulbactam,and piperacillin/tazobactam (>84%).Acinetobacter baumannii was the major isolated multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO),isolation rate of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii increased from 50.0% in 2011 to 77.8% in 2015,its resistance rate to imipenem was 64.9%.Conclusion The majority of clinically isolated pathogenic bacteria from this department is gram-negative bacilli,and detection rate of MDROs showed an upward trend;antimicrobial agents should be chosen according to distribution and antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic bacteria.

Aim To investigate the effect of TAL and MAPK signal transduction on alveolar macrophage (AM) apoptosis and activity of chronic bronchitis (CB) rats.Methods CB model was established by BCG+LPS method and the in vitro and in vivo experiments were used. MTT method was used to detect the AM activity,and the apoptosis of AM was observed by electron microscope.Results The number of AM in BALF of CB rats was increased than that of normal group (P<0.01).The activity of AM was increased in model group than in control group.The apoptotic rate of AM in CB group was much lower than that in the control group [(13.93±3.34)% vs (5.37±1.38)%] (P<0.01).ERK inhibitor PD98059 induced the apoptosis of cultured AM while JNK inhibitor Curcumin reduced the apoptosis.TAL could inhibit ERK MAPK phosphorylation in AM of CB rats.Further investigation showed that Bcl-2 protein expression was significantly increased while Bax evidently decreased in AM of CB rats.TAL could significantly decrease Bcl-2 expression and increase Bax protein expression, which might be the mechanism of its effect.Conclusions There is an increased activity and decreased apoptosis of AM in CB rats compared with normal rats. TAL can inhibit AM activity and increase apoptosis of AM in CB rats which may be related to the therapeutic effect of CB. ERK and JNK MAPK signal transduction participates in the apoptosis of AM. Regulation of Bcl-2/Bax imbalance and MAPK phosphorylation in AM of CB rats might be the mechanism of its effect.

The transesterification reaction conditions of lard with methyl acetate with combined use of immobilized lipases as catalysts were conducted. Initially, according to single factorial experiments, the studies on Lipozyme TL IM and Novozym 435 respectively catalyzed transesterification of lard showed that the optimal parameters of transesterification reaction were: the molar ratio of methyl acetate to oil of 14∶1, 40% enzyme added based on oil weight, temperature 50℃. Combined use of Lipozyme TL IM and Novozym 435 was proposed further to improve the catalytic performance by the response surface method (RSM). Herein, a 5-level-3-factor central composite rotated design was employed to evaluate the effects of lipase loading, the proportion of the two lipases and amount of methyl acetate. The optimum conditions were as followings: 40% lipase loading based on oil weight, 50%/50% the proportion of lipases (Novozym 435/Lipozyme TL IM), and the molar ratio of methyl acetate to oil of 14∶1. And under the optimal conditions, the highest biodiesel yield of 97.6% could be attained, which was higher than the biodiesel yield with each single one of the two lipases. The results suggested that the technics of combined use of certain immobilized lipases catalyzed transesterification reaction of lard for biodiesel production with methyl acetate as the acyl acceptor could raise the FAME yield and save the production cost.

Aim To observe the effects of cytokine signaling inhibition protein-3(SOCS3) on the liver fibrosis progression and reverse.Methods C57BL/6 mouse model was established by subcutaneous injection of carbon tetrachloride(CCl4).After a successful model of fibrosis, one-month normal diet was given to induce the reverse fibrosis model, while normal mice of the same gender and weight were as control group.Mice were sacrificed at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 weeks, respectively, then the liver tissue was harvested for the observation of its injury by hematoxylin and eosin(HE) staining.Then Masson staining was applied for the detection of changes in collagen, and the immunohistochemistry(IHC) for the observation of type Ⅰ Collagen(Colla-1), alpha smooth muscle actin(α-SMA), transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1) and SOCS3 protein expression.In vitro formation of fibrosis was induced by TGF-β1 stimulating HSC-T6 cell lines, which was then reversed by MDI medium, with co-incubation of HSC-T6 cells with plasmid in the process of the reverse.Western blot was employed to detect SOCS3, Colla-1, α-SMA, TGF-β1 expression.Results The expression of SOCS3 and TGF-β1 increased in mouse model of fibrosis with the worsening fibrosis process and decreased in the reverse process.Over-expression SOCS3 in the reverse process reduced the development of liver fibrosis;meanwhile, the expression of TGF-β1 was also reduced accordingly.Conclusion SOCS3 may influence the development of the liver fibrosis and its reverse via regulating the expression of TGF-β1.