ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of Niuhuang Qingxinwan （NHQXW） in improving intracerebral hemorrhage （ICH） with Tanre Fushi （phlegm-heat and fu-organ excess） syndrome by maintaining blood-brain barrier （BBB） integrity， and to explore its potential mechanism. MethodsMale mice were administered with 15% autologous feces for 3 consecutive days to simulate spontaneous Tanre Fushi syndrome， followed by surgical induction of collagenase-induced ICH on the fourth day. Mice were randomly assigned to seven groups： Sham， Sham+NHQXW-H， collagenase， collagenase+feces， and NHQXW intervention groups at low （NHQXW-L， 0.225 g·kg^-1）， medium （NHQXW-M， 0.45 g·kg^-1）， and high （NHQXW-H， 0.9 g·kg^-1） doses. Treatments were administered for 3 days after surgery. NHQXW effects on Tanre Fushi syndrome were assessed via fecal water content and small intestinal carbon propulsion rate. Protective effects of NHQXW against ICH with Tanre Fushi syndrome were evaluated by measuring hematoma volume， neurological deficits， and brain water content. BBB integrity was further assessed using Evans blue staining， hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining， immunofluorescence， and Western blot for Claudin-5， plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein （PLVAP）， matrix metalloproteinase （MMP）-2， and MMP-9. The potential mechanism of NHQXW was investigated by detecting protein expression of protein kinase B （Akt）， extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 （ERK1/2）， signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （STAT3）， Yes-associated protein （YAP）， and their phosphorylated forms. ResultsCompared with the collagenase+feces group， NHQXW-M and NHQXW-H significantly reduced fecal water content （P<0.05， P<0.01） and intestinal propulsion rate （P<0.01）， alleviated neurological deficits （P<0.01）， decreased hematoma volume （P<0.01） and Evans blue extravasation （P<0.01）， increased Claudin-5 protein expression （P<0.05， P<0.01） and fluorescence intensity （P<0.01）， and decreased PLVAP protein expression （P<0.01） and fluorescence intensity （P<0.05， P<0.01）， as well as MMP-2 （P<0.05， P<0.01） and MMP-9 （P<0.01） expression. NHQXW-H downregulated p-Akt （P<0.05）， p-ERK1/2 （P<0.05）， p-STAT3 （P<0.01）， and p-YAP （P<0.05）， with the most significant effect observed on STAT3 phosphorylation. ConclusionNHQXW effectively alleviates neurological deficits and BBB injury in ICH mice with Tanre Fushi syndrome， primarily by inhibiting STAT3 activation.

Obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) are linked to numerous chronic conditions, including cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, and type II diabetes. Previous research identified the natural flavonoid diosmin, derived from Chrysanthemum morifolium, as a regulator of glucose metabolism. However, its effects on lipid metabolism and underlying mechanisms remained unexplored. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway serves a critical function in glucose and lipid metabolism. The relationship between diosmin and the AMPK pathway has not been previously documented. This investigation examined diosmin's capacity to reduce lipid content through AMPK pathway activation in hepatoblastoma cell line G2 (HepG2) and 3T3-L1 cells. The study revealed that diosmin inhibits lipogenesis, indicating its potential as an anti-obesity agent in obese mice. Moreover, diosmin demonstrated effective MASLD alleviation in vivo. These findings suggest that diosmin may represent a promising therapeutic candidate for treating obesity and MASLD.
Diosmin/administration & dosage* ; Animals ; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics* ; Humans ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/enzymology* ; Mice ; Obesity/enzymology* ; Hep G2 Cells ; Male ; 3T3-L1 Cells ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Signal Transduction/drug effects* ; Lipid Metabolism/drug effects* ; Chrysanthemum/chemistry* ; Lipogenesis/drug effects*

In recent years， the potential anti-tumor effects of metformin have attracted widespread attention in the field of cancer treatment. This article summarizes the research progress of metformin in the treatment of malignant tumors，finding its potential application in the treatment of malignant tumors in the digestive system （biliary tract cancer，gastric cancer，esophagus cancer，colorectal cancer，pancreatic cancer，liver cancer） and reproductive system （prostate cancer，ovarian cancer，breast cancer， cervical cancer），non-small cell lung cancer，renal cell carcinoma，and melanoma. Metformin can inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells and extend the overall survival of patients. Its mechanisms of action include，but are not limited to，inhibiting the activity of mitochondrial complex Ⅰ，activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/p53 signaling pathway，and blocking the cell cycle. Additionally，the combined use of metformin with chemotherapy drugs has shown potential for reducing toxicity and enhancing efficacy. It can enhance the sensitivity of biliary tract cancer，ovarian cancer，and melanoma cells to chemotherapy drugs， improve the drug resistance of gastric and colorectal cancer cells to chemotherapy，and reduce the toxic reactions of breast cancer patients during chemotherapy. Metformin is also used as an immunomodulator，applied in the immunotherapy of patients with esophagus cancer，colorectal cancer，cervical cancer，non-small cell lung cancer，and melanoma.

Objective:To explore the cost control effect and cost-shifting effect of Diagnosis-Intervention Packet(DIP)payment reform on inpatient coronary heart disease patients.Methods:Z City,a national pilot city for DIP,is taken as a case study.It utilizes inpatient claims data and the propensity scoring matching-difference in differences method to evaluate the impact of DIP payment reform on total medical expenses,Out-of-Pocket(OOP),the OOP proportion,self-paid Category B expenses,the proportion of self-paid Category B expenses,Category C expenses,and the proportion of Category C expenses for coronary heart disease inpatients.Results:After the DIP reform,the total medical expenses per inpatient coronary heart disease patient significantly decreased(β=-0.127,P＜0.01).Regarding cost-shifting,the OOP expenses(β=0.108,P＜0.05),the OOP proportion(β=0.055,P＜0.01),self-paid Category B expenses(β=0.239,P＜0.01),the proportion of self-paid Category B expenses(β=0.030,P＜0.01),and the proportion of Category C expenses significantly increased(β=0.026,P＜0.01),while there was no significant change in Category C expenses.Conclusion:The DIP reform significantly reduced the total medical expenses per inpatient case of coronary heart disease.At the same time,the reform shifted costs from within the scope of the insurance policy to outside the policy's coverage,with a stronger shift observed from Category B to Category C expenses.

Objective:To explore the cost control effect and cost-shifting effect of Diagnosis-Intervention Packet(DIP)payment reform on inpatient coronary heart disease patients.Methods:Z City,a national pilot city for DIP,is taken as a case study.It utilizes inpatient claims data and the propensity scoring matching-difference in differences method to evaluate the impact of DIP payment reform on total medical expenses,Out-of-Pocket(OOP),the OOP proportion,self-paid Category B expenses,the proportion of self-paid Category B expenses,Category C expenses,and the proportion of Category C expenses for coronary heart disease inpatients.Results:After the DIP reform,the total medical expenses per inpatient coronary heart disease patient significantly decreased(β=-0.127,P＜0.01).Regarding cost-shifting,the OOP expenses(β=0.108,P＜0.05),the OOP proportion(β=0.055,P＜0.01),self-paid Category B expenses(β=0.239,P＜0.01),the proportion of self-paid Category B expenses(β=0.030,P＜0.01),and the proportion of Category C expenses significantly increased(β=0.026,P＜0.01),while there was no significant change in Category C expenses.Conclusion:The DIP reform significantly reduced the total medical expenses per inpatient case of coronary heart disease.At the same time,the reform shifted costs from within the scope of the insurance policy to outside the policy's coverage,with a stronger shift observed from Category B to Category C expenses.

Objective:To explore the cost control effect and cost-shifting effect of Diagnosis-Intervention Packet(DIP)payment reform on inpatient coronary heart disease patients.Methods:Z City,a national pilot city for DIP,is taken as a case study.It utilizes inpatient claims data and the propensity scoring matching-difference in differences method to evaluate the impact of DIP payment reform on total medical expenses,Out-of-Pocket(OOP),the OOP proportion,self-paid Category B expenses,the proportion of self-paid Category B expenses,Category C expenses,and the proportion of Category C expenses for coronary heart disease inpatients.Results:After the DIP reform,the total medical expenses per inpatient coronary heart disease patient significantly decreased(β=-0.127,P＜0.01).Regarding cost-shifting,the OOP expenses(β=0.108,P＜0.05),the OOP proportion(β=0.055,P＜0.01),self-paid Category B expenses(β=0.239,P＜0.01),the proportion of self-paid Category B expenses(β=0.030,P＜0.01),and the proportion of Category C expenses significantly increased(β=0.026,P＜0.01),while there was no significant change in Category C expenses.Conclusion:The DIP reform significantly reduced the total medical expenses per inpatient case of coronary heart disease.At the same time,the reform shifted costs from within the scope of the insurance policy to outside the policy's coverage,with a stronger shift observed from Category B to Category C expenses.

Objective:To explore the cost control effect and cost-shifting effect of Diagnosis-Intervention Packet(DIP)payment reform on inpatient coronary heart disease patients.Methods:Z City,a national pilot city for DIP,is taken as a case study.It utilizes inpatient claims data and the propensity scoring matching-difference in differences method to evaluate the impact of DIP payment reform on total medical expenses,Out-of-Pocket(OOP),the OOP proportion,self-paid Category B expenses,the proportion of self-paid Category B expenses,Category C expenses,and the proportion of Category C expenses for coronary heart disease inpatients.Results:After the DIP reform,the total medical expenses per inpatient coronary heart disease patient significantly decreased(β=-0.127,P＜0.01).Regarding cost-shifting,the OOP expenses(β=0.108,P＜0.05),the OOP proportion(β=0.055,P＜0.01),self-paid Category B expenses(β=0.239,P＜0.01),the proportion of self-paid Category B expenses(β=0.030,P＜0.01),and the proportion of Category C expenses significantly increased(β=0.026,P＜0.01),while there was no significant change in Category C expenses.Conclusion:The DIP reform significantly reduced the total medical expenses per inpatient case of coronary heart disease.At the same time,the reform shifted costs from within the scope of the insurance policy to outside the policy's coverage,with a stronger shift observed from Category B to Category C expenses.

Objective:To explore the cost control effect and cost-shifting effect of Diagnosis-Intervention Packet(DIP)payment reform on inpatient coronary heart disease patients.Methods:Z City,a national pilot city for DIP,is taken as a case study.It utilizes inpatient claims data and the propensity scoring matching-difference in differences method to evaluate the impact of DIP payment reform on total medical expenses,Out-of-Pocket(OOP),the OOP proportion,self-paid Category B expenses,the proportion of self-paid Category B expenses,Category C expenses,and the proportion of Category C expenses for coronary heart disease inpatients.Results:After the DIP reform,the total medical expenses per inpatient coronary heart disease patient significantly decreased(β=-0.127,P＜0.01).Regarding cost-shifting,the OOP expenses(β=0.108,P＜0.05),the OOP proportion(β=0.055,P＜0.01),self-paid Category B expenses(β=0.239,P＜0.01),the proportion of self-paid Category B expenses(β=0.030,P＜0.01),and the proportion of Category C expenses significantly increased(β=0.026,P＜0.01),while there was no significant change in Category C expenses.Conclusion:The DIP reform significantly reduced the total medical expenses per inpatient case of coronary heart disease.At the same time,the reform shifted costs from within the scope of the insurance policy to outside the policy's coverage,with a stronger shift observed from Category B to Category C expenses.

Objective:To explore the cost control effect and cost-shifting effect of Diagnosis-Intervention Packet(DIP)payment reform on inpatient coronary heart disease patients.Methods:Z City,a national pilot city for DIP,is taken as a case study.It utilizes inpatient claims data and the propensity scoring matching-difference in differences method to evaluate the impact of DIP payment reform on total medical expenses,Out-of-Pocket(OOP),the OOP proportion,self-paid Category B expenses,the proportion of self-paid Category B expenses,Category C expenses,and the proportion of Category C expenses for coronary heart disease inpatients.Results:After the DIP reform,the total medical expenses per inpatient coronary heart disease patient significantly decreased(β=-0.127,P＜0.01).Regarding cost-shifting,the OOP expenses(β=0.108,P＜0.05),the OOP proportion(β=0.055,P＜0.01),self-paid Category B expenses(β=0.239,P＜0.01),the proportion of self-paid Category B expenses(β=0.030,P＜0.01),and the proportion of Category C expenses significantly increased(β=0.026,P＜0.01),while there was no significant change in Category C expenses.Conclusion:The DIP reform significantly reduced the total medical expenses per inpatient case of coronary heart disease.At the same time,the reform shifted costs from within the scope of the insurance policy to outside the policy's coverage,with a stronger shift observed from Category B to Category C expenses.

Objective:To explore the cost control effect and cost-shifting effect of Diagnosis-Intervention Packet(DIP)payment reform on inpatient coronary heart disease patients.Methods:Z City,a national pilot city for DIP,is taken as a case study.It utilizes inpatient claims data and the propensity scoring matching-difference in differences method to evaluate the impact of DIP payment reform on total medical expenses,Out-of-Pocket(OOP),the OOP proportion,self-paid Category B expenses,the proportion of self-paid Category B expenses,Category C expenses,and the proportion of Category C expenses for coronary heart disease inpatients.Results:After the DIP reform,the total medical expenses per inpatient coronary heart disease patient significantly decreased(β=-0.127,P＜0.01).Regarding cost-shifting,the OOP expenses(β=0.108,P＜0.05),the OOP proportion(β=0.055,P＜0.01),self-paid Category B expenses(β=0.239,P＜0.01),the proportion of self-paid Category B expenses(β=0.030,P＜0.01),and the proportion of Category C expenses significantly increased(β=0.026,P＜0.01),while there was no significant change in Category C expenses.Conclusion:The DIP reform significantly reduced the total medical expenses per inpatient case of coronary heart disease.At the same time,the reform shifted costs from within the scope of the insurance policy to outside the policy's coverage,with a stronger shift observed from Category B to Category C expenses.