Flexible ureteroscopy techniques have experienced great developments in the past decade, as well as their expanding indications.However, this surgical procedure encountered some discouragement in clinical application for its long learning curve, poor ergonomics, high cost and attrition rate.In recent years, there were a group of advancements in flexible ureteroscopy, including robot-assisted ureteroscopy, dual working channels flexible ureteroscopy, disposable flexible ureteroscopy, rigid ureteroscopy with a deflectable tip and a series of accessory instruments development, which could all make surgery procedures more easily to be done and lower the expenses at the same time.These technical evolutions bring flexible ureteroscopy into a new level in urologic surgeries.

Objective To observe any therapeutic effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on bone loss in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients.Methods Fifty-five patients with SCI were divided into two groups randomly.The twenty-six patients in the control group (group B) were given only routine rehabilitation treatment; the twenty-six patients in the treatment group (group A) received PEMF therapy in addition.Results After 12 weeks of treatment,the average bone mineral density (BMD) of the proximal femur (including total,neck,Wards,inter,troch) in group A was significantly higher than in group B.The levels of bone-gamma-carboxyglutamic acid containing protein (BGP) and 1,25 (OH)2D3 in group A increased significantly,while they decreased in group B.Urine-pyridinium/crealinine (U-Pyd/Cr) levels in group A decreased significantly,while in group B they were higher than before.There were statistically significant differences between the two groups.Conclusion PEMF treatment can effectively retard bone loss in SCI patients.It has good preventive and curative effects on osteoporosis after SCI.

Objective To perform APACHEⅡand SOFA in assessmentof EICU patients with sepsis ,and analyze the risk factors. Methods A retrospective analysis from January 2014 to October 2015 in EICU of our hos-pital ,a total of 83 patients suffered from sepsis ,including sepsis group(30 cases)and septic shock(53 cases). PCT,PT,APTT,lactic acid,mechanical ventilation time and APACHE Ⅱ and SOFA score were collected, through the receiver-operating characteristic curve(ROC)index to predict the prognosis of patients with sepsis.Re-sults The mortality of the patients in the septic shock group,PT,APTT,APACHEⅡ,SOFA score,mechanical ventilation time and PCT were significantly higher than thosein the sepsis group(P<0.001). APTT,APACHEⅡ, SOFA score and mechanical ventilation time had significant difference (P ≤ 0.001) between survival and dead. The lactic acid level of the dead group was significantly higher than that in the survival group(P=0.038). The ar-ea under curve(AUC=0.806)of APACHEⅡscore was better than the SOFA score(AUC=0.765).The outcome of sepsis had correlation with APACHEⅡ,SOFA score,lactic acid,and mechanical ventilation time(P<0.05). Conclusion APACHE II and SOFA scores can accurately predict mortalityoutcome in emergency intensive care units patients with sepsis,especially the APACHEⅡscore.We can measure blood coagulation function,APACHEⅡ,SOFA score,PCT,lactic acid and mechanical ventilation time to assess the severity of patients with sepsis.

Nowadays,medical students have high pressure in hunting job.We analyzed the background of hunting job for medical students and discussed the corresponding psychological problems.Finally,we provided the countermeasures to solve these problems for medical students to find a job.

Objective To observe the clinical effect and investigate the mechanisms of Yikun Oral Liquid in treating climacteric syndrome due to yin deficiency of liver and kidney. Methods One hundred and three cases of climacteric syndrome of yin deficiency of liver and kidney were observed, including 70 cases of treatment group (treated with Yikun Oral Liquid) and 33 cases of control group (treated with Tibolone tablets). Quantitative studies were performed on the clinical symptoms (using Kupperman marking standard), levels of estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and endometrial thickness respectively before and after treatment. Results Clinical symptoms were improved obviously in two groups after treatment (P

Objective To investigate the change and effect of operation on TK1,CEA, SCC-Ag and CYFRA21-1 level in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Methods From January 2013 to August 2013, 55 patients with NSCLC and 29 patients with benign lesions were recruited. The tumor indexes including TK1,CEA, SCC-Ag and CYFRA21-1 were measured by electrical chemiluminescence assay. Results ① Serum TK1, CEA, SCC-Ag and CYFRA21-1 level and the positive rates in NSCLC patients during preoperative period were higher than the benign disease control group ( P<0. 05 ) . ② Serum TK1 level changes in NSCLC patients preoperative and postoperative one week and one month showed a trend of hump-shaped curve, there was no obvious statistically significant differ-ence ( P>0. 05 ) . Serum CEA , SCC-Ag and CYFRA21-1 level of postoperative one week and one month in NSCLC patients were significantly lower than the level before the operation ( P<0. 05 ) . Serum CEA and CYFRA21-1 level of postoperative one week and one month in NSCLC patients showed no significant difference compared with benign disease control group ( P>0. 05 ) , serum TK1 and SCC-Ag level of the postoperative one week showed statistically significant difference compared with benign disease control group ( P<0. 05 ) , the postoperative one month level of serum TK1 and SCC-Ag showed no significant difference compared with benign disease control group ( P>0. 05 ) .③The preoperative level of TK1 and CEA in adenocarcinoma were higher than that in squamous carcinoma ( P<0. 05 ) . ④ The preoperative level of serum TK1 and CYFRA21-1 in female NSCLC patients were higher than male patients, the difference was statistically significant ( P <0. 05 ) , preoperative serum CEA and SCC-Ag level of NSCLC patients showed no obvious statistical correlation with gender ( P>0. 05 ) . The preoperative level of serum TK1 in NSCLC patients negatively correlated with the degree of differentiation of lung cancer, the difference was statistically significant ( P<0. 05 ) . Conclusion The perioperative level of tumor markers in NSCLC may be useful in monitoring diagnosis and differential diagnosis of NSCLC, especially in analyzing the invisible tumor burden of NSCLC patients. The perioperative level of tumor markers in NSCLC is related with the surgical effect and tissue types, and serum TK1 and CEA are more suitable for the evaluation of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. There is some value in the clinical applications.

Objective To investigate whether p53 expression is involved in human telomerase reverse trans-criptase (hTERT) regulation. Methods HepG2 cells and pPUR/U6/hTERT HepG2 cells were treated with the p53 antisense oligonucleotide respectively and p53 expression plasmid were introduced to HepG2 cells. The decreased or increased p53 level and the hTERT expression levels were analyzed by Western blotting. Results Down-regulation of p53 expression had no obvious effect on hTERT expression, but over-expression of p53 could significantly repress hTERT level. Conclusion p53 interacts with hTERT and inhibits hTERT expression in HepG2 cells.

Objective] To summarize the clinical experience of Professor Yu Ying’ao in treatment of epilepsy.[Method]Starting from Professor Yu Ying’ao epilepsy treatment of two typical cases, and discuss the treatment ideas and methods.[Results] Professor Yu Ying’ao is good at treating epilepsy, many cases, he believes that phlegm and distraught as the main disease epilepsy mechanism. Emphasizes the importance in the pathogenesis of phlegm, that Qianzhen Zhi Xian in the treatment of epilepsy through usage, and treatment based on syndrome differentiation. Treatment of multiple in Puji Benshi Fang Baijin pill on the basis of adding Huotan Kaiqiao, Zhenxin Pinggan Anshen, Xifeng Zhijing. Often the effect is very good.[Conclusion] Professor Yu Yingao’s experience in the treatment of epilepsy is unique, it is worth learning.

Objective:To analyze effect on the CD154-CD40 signaling pathway and Th1/Th2 polariza-tion by deficient inducible co-stimulator ( ICOS)-ICOS ligand ( ICOSL) signaling in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum. Methods:ICOSL knockout ( ICOSL-KO) mice and wild-type C57BL/6J mice were used as experimental Schistosomiasis model infected with Schistosoma japonicum. The expressions of CD154 and CD40 on splenocytes and on inflammatory cells around granulomatous infiltration of liver in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum were analyzed by flow cytometry,immunohistochemical staining, respectively, on the day before infection (0 week) and at the end of 4, 7, 12, 16 and 20 weeks post-infection. The splenocytes of the mice were stimulated with soluble egg antigen( SEA) for 72 hours, then the concentrations of interferon gamma(IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in the culture supernatants were measured by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA) kits. The levels of SEA-specific an-tibodies of IgG and IgG1 and IgG2a were measured in the mice sera by ELISA. The granulomatous pa-thology in the mice liver was dynamically observed by hematoxylin and eosin ( HE ) staining. Results:Compared with the wild-type C57BL/6J mice, the expressions of CD154 on CD4 + T splenocytes [(18. 62 ± 4. 76)% vs. (27. 91 ± 3. 94)%, (22. 44 ± 4. 67)% vs. (40. 86 ± 5. 21)%, (25. 50 ± 6. 81)% vs. (43. 81 ± 8. 41)%, (20. 22 ± 5. 28)% vs. (40. 95 ± 7. 34)%, (17. 87 ± 4. 59)% vs. (33. 16 ± 6. 31)%, all P <0. 01] and of CD40 on CD19 + B splenocytes [(19. 43 ± 3. 26)% vs. (24.37 ±3.59)%, (23. 00 ± 4. 47)% vs. (31. 80 ± 5. 86)%, (24. 46 ± 5. 01)% vs. (35. 85 ± 5. 32)%, (23. 42 ± 4. 69)% vs. (33. 30 ± 6. 14)%, (22. 85 ± 3. 78)% vs. (30. 88 ± 5. 94)%, all P<0 . 05 ] in the ICOSL-KO mice significantly decreased at the end of 4 , 7 , 12 , 16 and 20 weeks post-infection. Moreover, the expressions of CD154[(0. 319 ± 0. 066) vs. (0. 488 ± 0. 086), (0. 389 ± 0. 067) vs.(0.596±0.082),(0.378±0.064) vs.(0.543±0.072),(0.348±0.069) vs.(0.523±0.076), all P<0. 01] and CD40[ (0. 398 ± 0. 066) vs. (0. 546 ± 0. 079), (0. 461 ± 0. 085) vs. (0. 618 ± 0. 076), (0. 453 ± 0. 087) vs. (0. 587 ± 0. 074), (0. 449 ± 0. 065) vs. (0. 565 ± 0. 082), all P <0 . 05 ] on inflammatory cells around granulomatous infiltration in liver from the ICOSL-KO mice were sig-nificantly lower than those of the wild-type C57 BL/6 J mice at the end of 7 , 12 , 16 and 20 weeks post-in-fection. The levels of IFN-γ of the ICOSL-KO mice were significantly higher than those of the wild-type C57BL/6J mice at the end of 4, 7, 12, 16 and 20 weeks post-infection (P <0. 05). However, the levels of IL-4 of the ICOSL-KO mice were significantly lower than those of the wild-type mice ( P <0. 05). Compared with the wild-type C57BL/6J mice, the levels of SEA-specific antibodies of IgG and IgG1 and IgG2a in the sera of the ICOSL-KO mice significantly decreased (P<0. 01). Moreover, The Th2 differentiation index of the ICOSL-KO mice was significantly lower than that of the wild-type mice in post-infection (P<0. 01). Also, the ratio of IgG1/IgG2a of the ICOSL-KO mice were significantly lower than that of the wild-type mice at the end of 7 , 12 and 16 weeks post-infection ( P<0 . 05 ) . And the vo-lume of liver egg granulomas of the ICOSL-KO mice was significantly smaller than that of the wild-type mice ( P <0 . 01 ) . Conclusion: These findings suggest that there is obvious down-regulation in the expressions of CD154 and CD40 and impairment of Th2 immune response in the ICOSL-KO mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum, accompanying with notedly reduced hepatic granulomatous pathology. The ICOS-ICOSL signaling has a regulatory effect on CD154-CD40 signaling pathway, and may play an impor-tant role in the hepatic egg granuloma formation of Schistosomiasis.

Objective To analyze the effect of inducible costmulator (ICOS)/inducible costmulator ligand (ICOSL) signaling pathway on hepatic fibrosis in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum.Methods Seventy-eight ICOSL knockout (ICOSL-KO) mice and 77 wild type C57BL/6J mice were used as experimental schistosomiasis model infected with Schistosoma japonicum.The sera of mice were collected on the day before infection (0 week),and at 4,7,12,16 and 20 weeks post infection.Then,the concentrations of hyaluronic acid (HA) and hydroxyproline (HYP) in mice sera were measured by sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits.The expressions of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1),α-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA) and Collagen-Ⅰ in livers from ICOSL-KO/wild type mice were assessed by immunohistochemical staining.The granulomatous pathology and fibrosis level in mice liver were dynamically observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and Masson's staining,respectively.The difference between groups was detected by t test or x2 test when appropriate.Results After infection with Schistosoma japonicum,the levels of HA and HYP were gradually increased.In ICOSL-KO mice,the levels of HA at 7,12,16 and 20 weeks post infection were all significantly lower than those in wild type mice [(161.32±15.44) vs (186.01±21.24) ng/mL,t=2.528 2,P＜0.05; (166.73±18.18) vs (231.39±20.12) ng/mL,t=4.342 4,P＜0.05; (193.58±21.06) vs (252.51±25.29) ng/mL,t=4.003 9,P＜0.05; (253.98±24.53) vs (310.88±23.86) ng/mL,t=3.718 0,P＜0.05].Similarly,HYP levels in ICOSL-KO mice at 12,16 and 20 weeks post infection were all significantly lower than those in wild type mice (all P＜0.05).Immunohistochemical staining showed that TGF-β1,α-SMA and Collagen-Ⅰ expressions in liver of ICOSL-KO mice from 7 to 20 weeks post infection were all significantly lower than those of wild type mice (all P＜0.05).HE staining showed,the volume of liver egg granulomas of ICOSL-KO mice was significantly smaller than that of wild type C57BL/6J mice (P＜0.01).Furthermore,Masson's staining showed that the level of hepatic fibrosis in ICOSL-KO mice was lower than that in wild type mice and the fibrosis scores were statistically different between two groups (all P＜0.05).The mortality rate of the wilde type C57BL/6J mice was higher than that of ICOSL-KO mice.After 20 weeks of infection,the difference was statistically significant (55.84 ％ vs 37.18 ％,x2 =5.427,P＜0.05).Conclusions The degree of hepatic fibrosis and related indicators are obviously down-regulated in ICOSL-KO mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum.These findings suggest that ICOS/ICOSL signaling pathway has an important impact on the process of hepatic fibrosis caused by Schistosoma japonicum.