Plasma is separated fresh unit of whole blood in closed system. The plasma is frozen in system that will allow complete freezing within one hour to a temperature below-350C. The plasma is thawed slowly at 1-60 C for 18 h and centrifuged at 1-60 C. Final volume for cryoprecipitate concentrate is 10-20/ml. Result: 140 samples during 2 years 95.57% FVIII > 70IU/unit. 4.43% F VIII > 45 IU to 68 IU /unit. During 2 years 1999 to 2000 hospitals in HCM city have used 5,675 F VIII rich cryoprecipitate unit for treatment Hemophilia A, DIC, fibrinogen defects. Side effects as mainly chills, fever and urticaria have not reported. Results of treatment are very good and safe for patients.
Factor VIII ; Utilization

51 blind people in childbearing age who had married were involved in this survey. Findings showed that the rate of using contraceptive methods in blind people is 70.5%. For blind people who have high-school level in education and who were received family planing communication, the rate of using contraceptive methods is higher. Rate of blind people who have 3 children or more is 17.6%. Rate of abortion in blind people is 11.8% and rate of blind people who knew at least one contraceptive method is 92.2%.
Factor VIII ; Utilization

Drug utilization review (DUR) system has been defined as "structured, ongoing initiatives that interpret patterns of drug use in relation to predetermined criteria, and attempt to prevent or minimize inappropriate prescribing." This paper introduces the concept, purpose, and effective application of DUR in Korea. DUR can be classified as retrospective DUR, prospective DUR, and concurrent DUR based on the time direction of applying DUR. DUR can also be classified as quantitative DUR defined by retrospective DUR using databases including previously prescribed medicines, and qualitative DUR defined by DUR reflecting patient's clinical condition. We described the history of developing DUR in the United States and the Europe. Finally current status of DUR in Korea is described and the strategy of future settlement of DUR system in Korea is suggested.
Drug Utilization ; Drug Utilization Review ; Europe ; Korea ; United States

Based on principles of health economy and the present situation, the possibility and regularity on changes in the supply and demand field of acupuncture and moxibustion through various viewpoints were analyzed, which included demand and supply elasticity of acup-mox services to market price and the relevant factors, categories and nature of acup-mox services, business idea of supplier on the strength of marginal cost and marginal benefit, expenditure level and inclination of demander, complementary and substitutive treatment of acup-mox therapy, and the relevant time and geographic factors to change in quantity demand and supply. Therefore, it could be applied as reference to redaction and reform of the relevant health economics policy by health administrative management.
Acupuncture Therapy ; economics ; utilization ; Humans ; Moxibustion ; economics ; utilization

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of implementing a systematic Drug Utilization Review (DUR) system on contraindicated drug use and pharmaceutical expenditures in Korea. METHODS: A literature search was conducted using search engines such as PubMed, EMBASE, NDSL, and RISS for relevant systematic studies. The database search was performed and updated in April 2018. Two independent reviewers evaluated the abstracts to find potentially eligible articles. RESULTS: In total, 1433 potentially eligible studies were selected, and 11 articles were eventually shortlisted for inclusion in the present review system. The outcome showed that contraindicated drug use decreased after implementation of the DUR system in Korea. The analysis also showed that the DUR system contributed to a reduction in pharmaceutical expenditures. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that implementing the DUR system reduced both contraindicated drug use and pharmaceutical expenditures in Korea.
Drug Utilization Review ; Drug Utilization ; Health Expenditures ; Korea ; Search Engine

160 coloured foodstuffs and 115 colouring agent sample were collected and analyzed. The results showed that 55% of coloured foodstuff sample and 92.2% of colouring agent contained nonpermitted colours.
Food Additives ; Utilization ; Safety ; Hygiene

The acute toxicity of gynostema pentaphyllum (Thunb) makino has been tested in mice at the dose 50g/per kg of body weight and the semi acute toxicity have been tested in rabbit. The results of experiment showed that the plant was not toxic and could be used for a long time (1 month) safely without any effect on biochemical and haematological indices
Gynostemma ; Utilization ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; therapeutics

China ; Humans ; Noninvasive Ventilation ; utilization

Antenatal care is a vital part of primary healthcare that is known to improve maternal and newborn outcomes. The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting utilization of antenatal care services for women in reproductive age in Yemen. This cross-sectional community-based study was conducted in six districts of Sana’a City, Yemen. Data were collected from 460 mothers who gave birth in the past six months via face-to-face interviews at home between September to December 2010. Only 54% of mothers were found to have made four or more antenatal care visits. Almost two third of participants made their first visit during their first trimester due to presence of health problems and did not follow up when they became healthy during pregnancy. Reasons for not receiving antenatal care services due to absence of health problems, high cost of antenatal care services, long waiting time, and poor staff attitude. Sixty percent of participants were unaware of the danger symptoms of common health problems in pregnancy. The significant factors affecting utilization of antenatal services were mother education, residence place, age at first pregnancy, gravida, parity, occurrence of pregnancy without planning, and number of live children (P<0.05). The factors affecting the number of visits were mother education, place of residence, and husband work were (P<0.05). Future healthcare activities should focus on improving women’s awareness of the importance of antenatal care even in the absence of noticeable health problems and lack of education about the common danger signs and symptoms of pregnancy.
Factors ; Utilization ; Antenatal Care Services

Background: Based on the 2017-2020 annual report of the Department of Health-Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program, significant resistance patterns have been observed for common disease-causing pathogens. In the hospital setting, antimicrobial stewardship programs have been implemented to optimize the use of antimicrobials. Drug utilization review studies provide essential feedback to improve prescribing and use of medications. Objectives: This study aimed to review drug utilization of monitored parenteral antimicrobials among patients admitted from January to December 2019. Methods: The study employed a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive research design. A retrospective chart review of drugs administered to patients was conducted. : Results. A total of 821 patients charts met the inclusion criteria. The patients’ ages ranged from 18 to 98 years old and 52% were females. General Internal Medicine practitioners (28%) were the top prescribers of monitored parenteral antimicrobials primarily for the management of moderate-risk community-acquired pneumonia (39%). They were mostly indicated for empirical treatment of infections (94%) and were given for an average of 5.73 days. Only 58% of the total cases had orders for culture and sensitivity testing. Of which, principally 47% had colony cultures. Blood (29%) and sputum (27%) were the most common specimens taken for culture and sensitivity testing. The microorganisms often isolated were Escherichia coli (19%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18%), and Staphylococcus aureus (9%). In addition, extended-spectrum beta lactamase-producing gram-negative pathogens (4%) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (1%) were also isolated. All the microorganisms isolated showed most resistance to ampicillin (81%) and most susceptibility to colistin (100%). There were drug therapy-related problems encountered. There was one case of an adverse drug reaction (0.1%) and two cases of contraindications (0.2%). Therapeutic duplication was also observed in 5% of the cases. Moreover, 39% had instances of drug-drug interactions.Piperacillin-tazobactam had the highest consumption (79.50 defined daily doses/1,000-patient days) among the monitored parenteral antimicrobials. Some prescriptions were deemed inappropriate upon evaluation. 12% of cases were inappropriate based on the justification indicator. As for the critical indicators, duration of therapy (78%) was the main reason. Only four components of the DUE criteria indicators have met or exceeded the established threshold level.The cost analysis indicated that the total actual cost of therapy with the monitored parenteral antimicrobials amounted to ₱17,645,601.73. Considering Department of Health National Antibiotic Guidelines recommenda-tions, ideal total cost of treatment was ₱14,917,214.29. Potential cumulative cost savings of ₱2,728,387.44 could have been achieved for patients admitted last 2019. Conclusion Consumption of piperacillin-tazobactam was relatively high as compared to the other monitored parenteral antimicrobials covered in this study. Physicians at the study site seldom prescribe monitored parenteral antimicrobials as recommended by the National Antibiotic Guidelines. This is evidenced in the incidence of inappropriate therapy regimens, with inapt duration of therapy as the leading explanation.From the patient’s perspective, the main economic implication was on the direct medical costs, particularly the increased cost of the actual antimicrobial therapy prescribed to manage various infections. Adherence of physicians to the established guidelines and selection of the most cost-effective therapy could have resulted in considerable cost savings.
Drug Utilization Review ; Antimicrobial Stewardship