A cross-sectional study of the supply and use of water was carried out on 8180 households in 3 districts of Quang Binh province and Thua Thien Hue province. The results showed that: two water sources with high rate of usage were deep well (59.3%) and drilled well (19.2%). The rate of households with adequate water supply was 81.5%, among which deep wells were at highest rate of 48.4%, and tap water were at lowest rate of 1.8%. 58.3% of households were found with water containers including: built tanks (49.3%), buckets (24.7%), earthenware vessels (25.3%). 84.6% of water containers were built far from breeding facilities. 95.4% of wells had high wall, 84.8% with surrounding yards but only 8.8% with covers. It is necessary to improve the quality of living water in public by supplying better water sources
Water Supply Family Characteristics

The Famacy Branch has quietly been developing, met the most of needs of drug and medical equipment and overcome the lack of them in many past years. The average expense for drug per capita is 3,2USD/year in 1994, is 6 fold higher than this during 1986-1990. The expansion of drug services delivered drugs to village, grassroots, remote and mountain areas.
Pharmaceutical Preparations ; supply & distribution

An investigation of the drug buying situation of people in some provinces of the North of Vietnam has shown that there was a trend of use of multi drugs for a duration of treatment. The rate of drug buying according to the prescription was low of which the rate of resuse of prescription was high; 76% of users bought drugs as instruction of drug seller. The benefit impacted strongly on the behaviour and attitude of physicians, drug seller leading to prescription for many drugs, drug with expensive price. The pharmacy authorities should have solutions and communicate and educate the safe and rational use of drug use in the community.
Pharmaceutical Preparations ; supply & distribution

In 2000, there were about 755 millions people lack fresh water, of which 51% lived in the municipal regions of developing countries. In 2020, it will cover the fresh water for people who live in the municipal regions of latrine America and Caribe. 86% of rural people in Africa has not fresh water. There were about 3.3 billions people have been using the unhygienic toilet of which 74% live in the countryside
Water Supply ; Environment ; Hygiene

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Food security is a multifaceted issue experienced by nations worldwide. A trend currently being explored in recent studies in measuring food security at the micro level is the Dietary Diversity Score (DDS). Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS), a type of DDS, obtains a snapshot of the economic ability of a household, making it an effective food insecurity indicator. The objective of this study was to assess the validity of the HDDS as a tool for measuring food insecurity.

METHODOLOGY: The study employed a cross-sectional analytic design with 368 study households in Lucena City, Quezon Philippines. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and Household Mean Adequacy Ratio (HHMAR), being two of the most frequently used methods in measuring household food insecurity, were used as reference standards to assess the validity of the HDDS in identifying food insecure households. Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) Analysis was done to determine the appropriate HDDS cut-off for identifying food insecure households.

RESULTS: The areas under the curve (AUC) obtained (0.618, 0.70, 0.701, 0.743), classified HDDS as a "fair indicator" of food insecurity. HDDS of 6 was identified as the optimal score when evaluating food insecurity withconsideration of sensitivity and specificity.

CONCLUSION: In this study, HDDS was proven to be a valid measure of food insecurity. It shows the great potential of this quick assessment tool in identifying population-at-risk, which is crucial in the design of a timely and appropriate intervention to alleviate food insecurity and other nutrition and health-related problems whichmay arise.

Human ; Food Supply

OBJECTIVEObserve the course,distribution and variation of inferior gluteal artery to provide an anatomic basis.

METHODS18 specimen (11 male and 7 female. 9 left and 9 right) were perfused with red latex to show inferior gluteal arteries and the tissue around them.

RESULTSUsually inferior gluteal artery travels through infrapiriform foramen and goes down along ischiadicus nerve. It gives three main branches as ramus of articularis, ramus of ischiadicus, ramus of muscularis at average distances of 17.3 mm, 33.2 mm and 51.8 mm to infrapiriform foramen and nourishes them respectively. However, variation was found in 7 of 18 specimen (5 are female) .

CONCLUSIONSThe course of inferior gluteal artery is steady in most cases, but sometimes variation can be found. Special examinations such as colour Doppler ultrasound are suggested to find the course of inferior gluteal artery on the whole level before operation.

Arteries ; anatomy & histology ; Buttocks ; blood supply ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pelvis ; blood supply ; Surgical Flaps ; blood supply

OBJECTIVETo investigate the precise locations of the blood vessels and nerves surrounding the seminal vesicles (SV) in men and provide some anatomical evidence for SV-related minimally invasive surgery.

METHODSWe observed the courses and distribution of the blood vessels and nerves surrounding SVs and obtained the data for positioning the SV neuroplexes in 20 male pelvises.

RESULTSOne branch of the neuroplexes was distributed to the SVs bilaterally with the neurovascular bundles, (2.85 ± 0.18) cm from the median sulcus of the prostate (MSP), while another branch ran through the Denonvillier fascia behind the SV, (0.81 ± 0.06) cm from the MSP. The arterial SVs (ASV) originated from the inferior vesical artery and fell into 4 types, 55% going directly to the SVs as one branch, 15% running between the SV and the ampulla of the deferent duct as another branch, 25% downward as 2 branches to the SV and between the SV and the ampulla of the deferent duct respectively, and 5% as the other ASVs. The shortest distance from the ASV through the prostatic neuroplexus to the posterior SV was (1.08 ± 0.09) cm.

CONCLUSIONIn SV resection, neuroplexus injury can be reduced with a bilateral distance of < 2.85 cm and a posterior distance of < 0.81 cm from the MSP, and so can bleeding by vascular ligation between the SV and the ampulla of the deferent duct.

Biopsy ; Humans ; Male ; Prostate ; blood supply ; innervation ; Seminal Vesicles ; blood supply ; innervation ; Vas Deferens ; blood supply ; innervation

OBJECTIVETo elucidate the reconstruction of neovascularization that occurred in the superiorly and inferiorly based posterior pharyngeal flaps in different time postoperatively.

METHODSTen mongrel dogs were randomly divided into two experimental groups, which were performed superiorly or inferiorly based posterior pharyngeal flap surgery respectively. Each group was then subdivided into five subgroups, and were sacrificed immediately after operation or on 3, 7, 30, 90 day postoperative respectively. Microangiography was used to exhibite the vessel.

RESULTS1. The blood vessel reconstruction of the superiorly based posterior pharyngeal flap was more rapid compared with the inferiorly based flap. The 3-day flap has established an axial vascular network, which was mature on the 30-day flap. The superiorly based posterior pharyngeal flap was mainly supplied by the pedicle. 2. The blood vessels reconstruction of the inferiorly based posterior pharyngeal flap was firstly occurred in the pedicle and apex of the flap, which grew slowly to the middle of the flap. The inferiorly based posterior pharyngeal flap was supplied by the pedicle and the soft palate. A mature axial vascular network was exhibited on the 90-day flap, which was not mature on the 30-day flap.

CONCLUSIONBoth superiorly and inferiorly based posterior pharyngeal flap can establish an axial vascular network and gain ample blood supply.

Animals ; Dogs ; Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Palate, Soft ; blood supply ; Pharynx ; blood supply ; Random Allocation ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; Surgical Flaps ; blood supply

OBJECTIVETo investigate the feasibility of clinical application of the thoracodorsal artery musculocutaneous perforator flap (TAMPF).

METHODS(1) The morphosis and blood supply of TAP flap on 15 formalized adult cadavers(30 sides) were examined by microsurgery anatomy. (2) An imitative operation of the TAMP flap and latissimus dorsi flap on 1 formalized adult cadavers (2 sides) was conducted.

RESULTS(1) A total of 102 musculocutaneous perforators larger than 0.5 mm were found in 16 specimens(32 sides). 56 perforators (55%) were originated from the medial branch and 46 (45%) originated from the lateral branch. The biggest perforator is (0.82 +/- 0.11) mm (0.68 - 1.08 mm). There was an average of 1.9 perforators (range, 1 - 3 perforators) of the medial branch and an average of 1.8 perforators (range, 1 - 3 perforators) of the lateral branch. Additionally, there were 24 perforators samller than 0.5 mm, and 76 perforators originated from intercostal artery and lumbar artery. (2) Musculocutaneous perforators over 0.5 mm were found only in proximity of the medial and lateral branches within a distance of 8.5 cm (6.4 cm - 9.2 cm) distal to the neurovascular hilus.

CONCLUSIONSWith the characteristics of constant position, large caliber, long pedicle, the thoracodorsal artery musculocutaneous perforator was suitable to be musclocutaneous perforator flaps and "fan-shaped" flaps.

Adult ; Arteries ; anatomy & histology ; Back ; blood supply ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Surgical Flaps ; blood supply ; Thorax ; blood supply

To measure the mutagenic activity of micro-organic pollutants in drinking water, mutagenic test was conducted using Salmnella typhimurium TA 98 strain on the water sample taken from three water supply station and six tap water in Seoul in July and November 1987. The results were as follows : 1. The average amounts of organic matters in raw, treated, and tap water sampled in July were 0.38mg/l, 0.28mg/l, and 0.45mg/l, respectively, and sampled in November were 0.34mg/l, 0.24mg/l, and 0.22mg/l, respectively. The amount of organic matters of tap water sampled in November did not increase while that of tap water sampled in July increased compare to those of raw or treated water. 2. The amount of organic matters is the highest in neutral fraction compare to acidic and basic fractions. 3. In the five out of six tap water and raw water of Paldang and Kuui station sampled in July, the mutagenic ratios were greater than two (both direct and indirect mutagenicity). 4. In the three out six tap water and raw and treated water of Kuui station sampled in November, the mutagenic ratios were greater than two. 5. While mutagenic were low in acidic and basic fraction, they were high in neutral fraction. The samples which had high mutagenic activity in the total amount also showed high mutagenic activity in neutral fraction. 6. While mutagenic activity was decreased after the treatment of water, it was increased in tap water as the distance from the water supply station increases.
Drinking Water* ; Drinking* ; Seoul* ; Water ; Water Supply