Objective To explore the non-bacteria etiology of pneumonia in children under 12 years old in southwest Shanghai,and investigate clinical characteristic of pneumonia caused by different pathogens.Methods The serum of 187 children with pneumonia from July 2002 to December 2004 in hospital were investigated for respiratory syncytial virus(RSV),adenovirus 3 influenza viruses(IFV) A and B,parainfluenza viruses(PIV)type 1,2,3,4 and coxsackievirus A 1.7,echovirus 7 by employing the indirect immunofluorescence assay(IFA)for the identification of nearly 8 different viruses,and 3 different enteroviruses.Based on the principle that sensitized particles were agglutinated by the pressence of antibodies to mycoplasma pneumonia in human serum.Results Examination for 8 kinds of conventional respiratory virus infected,a total of 90 positive results in 187 cases(48.13%),Firstly was RSV(19.79%),(secondly) was IFV B(16.58%).Out of these 1084 children,154 cases(14.21%)showed positive in anti-mycoplasma pneumonia.Conclusions RSV is still the leading cause of pneumonia in children during winter and spring in southwest in Shanghai.Mycoplasma pneumonia is having been the major pathogens of the school-aged children with pneumonia.

The mycelium growth and sporulation in different temperature, pH value and light conditions were detected by using the crossing and haemocytometer method. The toxicity of five fungicides to Fusarium oxysporum was tested by mycelia growth method, so as to provide the reference for prevention and control against F. oxysporum. The optimum temperature and pH value of F. oxysporum to grow and spore were 28 degrees C and 6-7. Alternating light and darkness promoted growth and sporulation of bacterial colony. As for five fungicides, the EC50 of tebuconazole was 10.02 mg x L(-1), 92.50 times as much as carbendazim. The EC50 of myclobutanil and Fuxing was 91.23, 96.68 mg x L(-1), respectively. Tebuconazole showed the most tremendous inhibitory effect and control efficiency on F. oxysporum.
Fungicides, Industrial ; pharmacology ; Fusarium ; drug effects ; growth & development ; Mycelium ; drug effects ; growth & development ; Orchidaceae ; microbiology ; Plant Diseases ; microbiology ; Spores, Fungal ; drug effects ; growth & development

OBJECTIVETo study differences of multifidus muscle injury between Wiltse intermuscular approach and intramuscular stripping approach in one-level small incision transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) surgery.

METHODSA total of 46 patients with unilateral lumbar degenerative disease underwent small incision TLIF from August 2009 to February 2011 by one group of surgeons at a single institution. The decompression side of all patients adopted intra-muscular stripping approach; for the non-decompression side, 22 patients adopted Wiltse intermuscular approach (group A),and 24 patients adopted intra-muscular striping approach (group B). In group A, there were 13 males and 9 females, ranging in age from 36 to 74 years old,averaged 52.7 +/- 9.2; 1 patient had disease in L3, 4 12 in L4,5 and 9 in L5S1. In group B,there were 11 males and 13 females,ranging in age from 32 tio 72 years old, averaged 51.8 +/- 8.7; two patients had disease in L3,4, 14 in L4,5, and 8 in L5S1. The following data were compared between the 2 groups: surgical time from skin incision to completion of pedicle screw placement, suturation time, blood loss. Clinical effects were evaluated by VAS score pre-operatively, as well as 1, 6 and 12 months post-operatively. At the latest follow-up, all the patients were evaluated by MRI. This enabled the cross-sectional area (CSA) of lean multifidus muscle, and the T2 signal intensity ratio of multifidus to psoas muscle, to be compared at the operative level.

RESULTSThere was no obvious difference in suturation time, but less surgical time from skin incision to completion of pedicle screw placement, less blood loss, less postoperative back pain in Wiltse intermuscular approach group. For the comparison between the two groups or paired comparison between sides in the Wiltse group, the reduction of lean CSA and increase in the multifidus:psoas T2 signal intensity ratio were all significant lower in Wiltse intermuscular approach group or side.

CONCLUSIONThe Wiltse intermuscular approach is an easy way for pedicle screw placement, and caused less paraspinal muscle damage than intra-muscular stripping approach, and had positive effects on less back pain.

Adult ; Aged ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Muscle, Skeletal ; injuries ; Spinal Fusion ; adverse effects ; methods

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the gene therapeutic efficiency of apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) related to tumor necrosis factor on human colon cancer cell line HT29.

METHODSHuman colon cancer cell line HT29 was transfected with adenovirus-mediated TRAIL gene Ad/GT-TRAIL. The morphological changes, cell growth and apoptosis were measured by phase contrast microscope, MTT method and flow cytometry.

RESULTSObvious morphological changes in HT29 cells was induced by Ad/GT-TRAIL and Ad/PGK-GV16. The cell suppression percentage and the percentage of apoptotic cells were 54.3% and 11.1%, respectively. When used in combination with Ad/PGK-GV16, HT29 was suppressed to 82.7% and the percentage of apoptotic cells was 24.6%. This result showed significantly enhanced therapeutic efficiency on HT29 and thus inhibiting of its growth (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONAd/GT-TRAIL is able to induce apoptosis of HT29 and inhibit its growth. Ad/GT-TRAIL shows significantly enhanced therapeutic efficiency for HT29 when used in combination with Ad/PGK-GV16.

Adenoviridae ; genetics ; Apoptosis ; genetics ; physiology ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; Cell Division ; genetics ; physiology ; Colonic Neoplasms ; genetics ; pathology ; therapy ; Genetic Therapy ; methods ; Genetic Vectors ; genetics ; HT29 Cells ; Humans ; Membrane Glycoproteins ; genetics ; physiology ; TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand ; Transfection ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; genetics ; physiology

BACKGROUNDHistamine H(3) receptor antagonists have been considered as potential drugs to treat central nervous system diseases. However, whether these drugs can inhibit epileptogenesis remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of thioperamide, a selective and potent histamine H(3) receptor antagonist, on the seizure development and memory impairment induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-kindling epilepsy in rats.

METHODSChemical kindling was elicited by repeated intraperitoneal (ip) injections of a subconvulsant dose of PTZ (35 mg/kg) once every 48 hours for 12 times, and seizure activity of kindling was recorded for 30 minutes. Control rats were ip injected with saline instead of PTZ. Morris water maze was used to evaluate the spatial memory. Phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (p-CREB) was tested by Western blotting in hippocampus.

RESULTSIntracerebroventricular (icv) injections with thioperamide (10 µg, 20 µg) 30 minutes before every PTZ injections, significantly prolonged the onset of PTZ-kindling and inhibited the seizure stages. PTZ-kindling seizures led to the impairment of spatial memory in rats, and thioperamide ameliorated the impairment of spatial learning and memory. Compared to non-kindling rats, there was a significant decrease in p-CREB level in hippocampus of the PTZ-kindling rats, which was reversed by thioperamide.

CONCLUSIONSThioperamide plays a protective role in seizure development and cognitive impairment of PTZ-induced kindling in rats. The protection of thioperamide in cognitive impairment is possibly associated with the enhancement of CREB-dependent transcription.

Animals ; Anticonvulsants ; pharmacology ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein ; metabolism ; Histamine H3 Antagonists ; pharmacology ; Kindling, Neurologic ; drug effects ; Male ; Memory Disorders ; prevention & control ; Neuroprotective Agents ; pharmacology ; Pentylenetetrazole ; Piperidines ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Seizures ; prevention & control ; Synaptic Transmission

OBJECTIVETo review the clinical characteristics of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage.

METHODSClinical data of 42 SIH patients with cerebrospinal leakage, whose diagnosis met the criteria of the International Headache Classification, were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided into short (n=27) and long (n=15) course groups. The clinical data and imaging features were compared between two groups.

RESULTSThirty-nine patients (92.9%) had orthostatic headache. Compared with the short course group, the frequency of headache were significantly lower in patients with long disease duration (80% vs 100%, P =0.040); the ratio of high CSF opening pressure (>=60.0 mm H2O), the average CSF opening pressure, and the frequencies of subdural hematoma were higher in long course group than those in short course group [60.0% vs 20.8%, (64.7±42.1) vs (40.0±33.8)mm H2O, and 50.0% vs 11.6%; P=0.019, 0.038 and 0.018, respectively]. Forty-two patients underwent CT myelography;definite focal CSF leakage sites were found in all patients and multiple sites of CSF leakage in 38 patients.

CONCLUSIONAll SIH do not necessarily show the typical clinical manifestations, and cranial MRI and CT myelography are helpful in the diagnosis. Because of higher risk of subdural hemorrhage, patients with long disease duration require active intervention.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Cerebrospinal Fluid Otorrhea ; complications ; Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea ; complications ; Female ; Humans ; Intracranial Hypotension ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVEThis study was sought to compare the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of (1) dual isotope simultaneous acquisition single-photon emission computed tomography (DISA SPECT) myocardial image with (99m)Tc-sestamibi/(18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((99m)Tc-MIBI/(18)FDG); (2) low dose dobutamine alone and combined with Isosorbide Dinitrate (ISDN: Isoket) stress two dimensional echocardiography (2DE) to predict regional movement recovery after revascularization (CRV) in patients with old myocardial infarction (OMI) and severe left ventricular dysfunction.

METHODSTwenty-six patients (mean age 51 +/- 8 years, male 25, female 1) with OMI and severe left ventricular dysfunction (mean left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF (38.6% +/- 4.9%) underwent low dose dobutamine 10 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) (Dob10 microg) and ISDN (286 +/- 31 microg/min) combined with Dob5 microg (ISDN-Dob 5 microg) 2DE and DISA SPECT within one week. In echocardiogram and DISA SPECT images: the left ventricle (LV) was divided into 16 segments. The semi-quantitative scoring system was used for both images. Myocardial viability was defined as an improvement of at least >or= 1 grade in at least two contiguous segments at rest 2DE after CRV. The viable segments detecting rate with stress 2DE and DISA SPECT were compared. Compared with the results of post-CRV, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of detecting viable segments of two methods were calculated.

RESULTSAmong 272 abnormal segments in 26 patients, 156 (57.4%) segments showed contractile improvement after CRV. The viable segments detecting rate with DISA SPECT was 72.4% (134/254), which was significantly higher than the contractile improved rate after CRV (P < 0.001). During Dob10 microg 2DE and ISDN-Dob5 microg 2DE, the detecting rates were 65.5% (163/249) and 65.7% (176/268), respectively, which were both comparable to the improved rate after CRV (both P > 0.05). With DISA SPECT, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 93.7%, 55% and 76.8%, respectively. Compared with DISA SPECT, Dob10 microg 2DE showed similar sensitivity (88.6%), specificity (64.2%) and the accuracy (77.9%). When ISDN combined with Dob5 microg, the sensitivity (91.4%), specificity (68.1%) and accuracy (81.4%)were comparable to those of Dob10 microg 2DE and DISA SPECT (all P > 0.05), while the specificity was even higher than DISA SPECT (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONIn identifying myocardial viability in patients with OMI and severe left ventricular dysfunction, DISA SPECT has higher sensitivity, lower specificity and better accuracy. Dob10 microg and ISDN-Dob5 microg 2DE are both equivalent to DISA SPECT in sensitivities, specificities and accuracies, and even higher in specificity in ISDN-Dob5 microg 2DE.

Adult ; Dobutamine ; Echocardiography ; methods ; Female ; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 ; Humans ; Isosorbide Dinitrate ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myocardial Infarction ; diagnostic imaging ; Myocardium ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; diagnostic imaging ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon ; methods

OBJECTIVETo explore the mechanisms of Chinese herbal medicine Sanqi Oral Liquid, composed of Astragalus membranaceus and Panpax notoginseng, in alleviating renal injury by observing its effect on the expressions of CD4(+), CD8(+) and CD68(+) cells in 5/6 nephrectomized rats with chronic renal failure.

METHODSA total of 102 SD rats were randomly divided into six groups: three treatment groups were administrated with high, medium and low dosage of Sanqi Oral Liquid respectively by gavage; a normal group, a 5/6 nephrectomized model group, and a group treated with coated aldehyde oxygenstarch were used as controls. Following oral administration of Sanqi Oral Liquid for 12 weeks, the general condition and renal pathological changes were observed, and the renal function, platelet count (PLT) and the expressions of CD4(+), CD8(+) and CD68(+) cells were determined for each group.

RESULTSThere were proliferation of mesangial matrix, renaltubularnecrosis and obvious tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the model group, and they were much milder in the treatment groups. Compared with the model group, the amounts of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr) and PLT in the treatment groups decreased (P<0.05 for all); and in the group administrated of medium dosage of Sanqi Oral Liquid, the expression of CD4(+) cells was up-regulated and those of CD8(+) and CD68(+) cells were down-regulated (P<0.05 for all), leading to an increased ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+)(P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONSanqi Oral Liquid has a significant effect on regulating lymphocyte subsets, reducing the infiltration of macrophages in renal tissues and alleviating tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and this may be one of mechanisms of Sanqi Oral Liquid in delaying the progression of chronic kidney diseases.

Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Antigens, CD ; metabolism ; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic ; metabolism ; Astragalus membranaceus ; chemistry ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; drug effects ; pathology ; physiology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; drug effects ; pathology ; physiology ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; drug therapy ; immunology ; pathology ; surgery ; Lymphocyte Count ; Male ; Nephrectomy ; Panax notoginseng ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Solutions

OBJECTIVETo establish a sandwich ELISA method for detecting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in sera of population and the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODSFull length and two truncated human VEGF cDNA sequences were amplified from a commercial plasmid pBLAST49-hVEGF by PCR and inserted into the prokaryotic-expression plasmid pET-32a or pGEX-2T. Various VEGF proteins were expressed and purified from E. coli in His-Trx or GST fusion forms. The specific VEGF antibodies were elicited in experimental rabbits and mice by immunization of the full length VEGF fusion protein His-Trx-VEGF1-165. After purification of antibodies with chromatograph of Protein G, a sandwich ELISA technique was established. Serum VEGF levels were evaluated in 229 adults and 291 HCC patients.

RESULTSSDS-PAGE displayed that the molecular weights of the expressed full length (His-Trx-VEGF1-165), N-terminal (His-Trx-VEGF1-100) and C-terminal (GST-VEGF100-165) human VEGF fusion proteins were about 38KD, 31KD, and 33KD, respectively. Western blots confirmed that the prepared antisera were able to recognize both prokaryoticly and eukaryoticly expressed recombinant VEGF proteins. Assays of serially diluted His-Trx-VEGF1-100 by the established sandwich ELISA method showed that the linear range of the standard curve was 0.625-320 ng/mL, with the squared correlation coefficient R2 = 0.991. Screening of a serum panel containing 291 serum samples of HCC patients and 229 health adults revealed that the average VEGF level in HCC patients was higher than that in healthy controls, with a statically significant difference.

CONCLUSIONThe established sandwich ELISA reflects the level of serum VEGF and provide scientific basis for screening metastasis and recurrence of HCC using serum VEGF as an index.

Base Sequence ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; blood ; DNA Primers ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; methods ; Humans ; Immune Sera ; Liver Neoplasms ; blood ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; blood

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and effects of primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) on physical and mental health in young adults in mainland China. Methods: An anonymous questionnaire was used to collect information including the sociodemographic characteristics, history of PNE, family history, daytime voiding symptoms, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores, Self-Esteem Scale (SES), and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). A total of 22,500 university students from 23 provinces and 368 cities in mainland China were included. Results: In total, 21,082 questionnaires were collected, and 20,345 of them qualified for statistical analysis. The PNE prevalence was 1.17%, and the distribution of monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE) and nonmonosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (NMNE) was 66.1% and 33.9%, respectively. In total, 28% of respondents with PNE reported bedwetting daily, 31.6% between 1 and 7 times weekly, and 40.4% between 1 and 4 times monthly; 80% of PNE cases had no history of treatment. The prevalence of PNE in patients with a family history, frequency, urgency, urinary incontinence, and recurrent urinary tract infections was significantly higher than in those without these conditions (P<0.001). PNE was significantly correlated with the PSQI total score (sleep quality) (P=0.011). The SES score was lower and the SDS was higher (P<0.001) in the PNE group than in those without PNE. Conclusions In mainland China, the PNE prevalence among young adults was found to be high, and PNE had significant effects on physical and mental health. Risk factors included a family history, daytime voiding symptoms, and lack of treatment.