Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most serious microvascular complications, which is related to many growth factors. Growth factors are a kind of cytokines that can stimulate cells to grow, which includes transforming growth factor-? (TGF-?), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and so on. Different growth factors can cause glomerular hypertrophy or proliferation, perinephric angiogenesis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis and the like respectively. To know the relationship between the growth factors and diabetic nephropathy could provide a prospective mean to reduce the diabetic mortality rate. This paper reviews the recent researches about the growth factors and diabetic nephropathy to provide a scientific basis for clinical treatment.

Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Male ; Urinary Tract Infections ; etiology ; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux ; complications ; epidemiology

Objective To evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine on the activity of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and c-fos in the spinal dorsal horn in a rat model of neuropathic pain.Methods Fifty-four adult male Wistar rats,aged 6-8 weeks,weighing 180-220 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =18 each):sham operation group (group S),chronic neuropathic pain group (group C) and dexmedetomidine group (group D).The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 10％ chloral hydrate 350 mg/kg.The sciatic nerve was exposed and 4 ligatures were placed on the right sciatic nerve at 1 mm intervals with 4-0 silk thread in C and D groups.In group D,dexmedetomidine 50 μg/kg was injected intraperitoneally once a day starting from the end of operation until 1 day before the animals were sacrificed,while the equal volme of normal saline was injected instead of dexmedetomidine in S and C groups.Paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation with yon Frey filament (MWT) and paw withdrawal latency to thermal stimulation (TWL) were measured on 1 day before operation and 3,7 and 14 days after operation.The animals were sacrificed after measurement of MWT and TWL.Their lumbar segments (L4-6) of the spinal cord were removed for measurement of the expression of phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) and c-fos by immunohistochemistry.Results Compared with group S,MWT was significantly decreased,TWL was shortened,and the expression of pCREB and c-fos was up-regulated on 3,7 and 14 days after operation in C and D groups (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group C,MWT was significantly increased,TWL was prolonged,and the expression of pCREB and c-fos was down-regulated on 3,7 and 14 days after operation in group D (P ＜ 0.05).MWT was significantly lower,and TWL was shorter on 3,7 and 14 days after operation than on 1 day before operation in C and D groups (P ＜ 0.05).MWT was significantly lower,TWL was shorter,and the expression of pCREB and c-fos was higher on 7 and 14 days after operation than on 3 days after operation in C and D groups (P ＜ 0.05).MWT was significantly higher,TWL was longer,and the expression of pCREB and c-fos was lower on 14 days after operation than on 7 days after operation in C and D groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which dexmedetomidine reduces neuropathic pain is related to inhibition of the activity of CREB and c-fos in the spinal dorsal horn of rats.

Objective To investigate the effects of Sulfotanshinone Sodium Injection (SSI) on neuropathic pain in rats.Methods One hundred and eight adult male Wistar rats,aged 6-8 weeks,weighing 180-220 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =36 each):sham operation group (group S) ; chronic constrictive injury (CCI)group; group SSI.The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 10% chloral hydrate 350 mg/kg.In groups CCI and SSI,4 ligatures were placed on the right sciatic nerve at 1 mm intervals with 4-0 silk thread according to the method described by Bennett et al.In group S,the right sciatic nerves were exposed,but not ligated.In group SSI,SSI 25 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally once a day starting from the end of operation until one day before the animals were sacrificed,while the rats received the equal volume of normal saline (5 ml/kg) instead of SSI in groups S and CCI.Twelve animals in each group were chosen at 1 day before operation and 3,7 and 14 days after CCI (T1-4) to measure mechanical paw withdrawal threshold to yon Frey stimuli (MWT) and paw withdrawal latency to thermal nociceptive stimulus (TWL).Six rats in each group were sacrificed at T2-4 after measurement of pain threshold,and their lumbar segnents (L4-6) of the spinal cord were immediately removed for determination of Bcl2 and caspase-3 expression in spinal dorsal horn (by immune-histochemistry),and MDA content and SOD activity (by spectrophotometry) in spinal cord.Results Compared with group S,PWT was significantly decreased,PWL was shortened,the expression of Bcl-2 and caspase-3 was up-regulated,MDA content was increased and SOD activity was decreased at T2-4 in groups CCI and SSI (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group CNP,PWT was significantly increased,PWL was prolonged,the expression of Bcl-2 was up-regulated,the expression of caspase-3 was downregulated,MDA content was decreased and SOD activity was increased at T2-4 in group SSI (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion SSI can mitigate neuropathic pain in rats and inhibition of oxidative stress in spinal cord tissues and reduction of apoptosis in spinal dorsal horn neurons are involved in the mechanism.

Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetornidine on the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in the spinal cord in rats with neuropathic pain (NP).Methods One hundred and eight male Wistar rats,aged 6-8 weeks,weighing 180-220 g,were randomly assigned into 3 groups (n =36 each):sham operation group (group S),NP group and dexmedetomidine group (group D).NP was induced by chronic constrictive injury in anesthetized rats.Sciatic nerve was exposed and 4 loose ligatures were placed on the sciatic nerve at 1 mm intervals with 4-0 silk thread.In group S,the right sciatic nerves were exposed,but not ligated.Dexmedetomidine 50 μg/kg was injected intraperitoneally once a day from the onset of operation to one day before the rats were sacrificed in group D,while the equal volume of normal saline was injected in groups S and NP.Mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal pain threshold (TPT) were measured on the day before operation (T0) and 3,7,and 14 days after operation (T1-3).After measurement of pain threshold at T1,T2 and T3 after operation,the L4-6 segments of the spinal cord were removed for determination of the expres-sion of TLR4 and NF-κB mRNA (by RT-PCR) and the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB in spinal dorsal horn (by immuno-histochemistry).Results Compared with group S,MWT and TPT were significantly decreased and the expression of TLR4,NF-κB and TLR4 and NF-κB mRNA was up-regulated after operation in groups NP and D (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group NP,TPT and MWT were significantly increased and the expression of TLR4,NF-κB,TLR4 mRNA and NF-κB mRNA was significantly down-regulated after operation in group D (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which dexmedetomidine attenuates NP in rats is related to inhibition of the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB in rat spinal cord.

Objective To explore the effects of the neonatal handling and enriched environmental stimulation on brain damage in neonatal rats with hypoglycemia.Methods Thirty-six neonatal rats were randomly divided into the normal group,hypoglycemia intervention group and the hypoglycemia non-intervention group.Those rats in hypoglycemia intervention and hypoglycemia non-intervention groups were weaned for 12 h,then the blood sugar of both groups were monitored.After neonatal rat models with hyperglycemia were prepared,the rats in hypoglycemia intervention group received the neonatal handling for 14 d and then were kept in an enriched stimulation environment for another 14 d.Rats in normal group and hypoglycemia non-intervention group were fed in the routine way.Neonatal handling was done when the rats were born for 24 h.The rat was rubbed with the brush from head to tail softly.Rats in the hypoglycemia non-intervention group was not handled.The enriched environment stimulation was used after 15 d when the rats were born.Rats in the hypoglycemia intervention group was put into the enriched environment for 1 h per day until 28 d when the rats were born,and rats in the hypoglycemia non-intervention group was put into the normal environment.Then the body weight was scaled at 0 d,7 d,14 d,21 d and 28 d when the rats were born.Space learning and memory were tested with Morris earter at their third month's age.After that,changes of pathology was observed in their occipital cortex.Results The weight increase,the ability of space learning,memory and the number of survival pyramid neurons of occipital cortex in normal group were better than those in hypoglycemia intervention and hypoglycemia non-intervention group(Pa

Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine and small dose of ketamine on the expression of P2X4 receptor (P2X4 R) mRNA and P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) mRNA in the dorsal root ganglion of rats with neuropathic pain.Methods Ninety male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 6-9 weeks,weighing 180-220 g,were randomly divided into 5 groups (n =18 each):sham group (group S),chronic constrictive injury group (group CCI),dexmedetomidine group (group D),ketamine group (group K) and dexmedetomidine + ketamine group (group DK).The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 10％ chloral hydrate 400 mg/kg.Neuropathic pain was induced by CCI in CCI,D,K and DK groups.The sciatic nerve was exposed and 4 loose ligatures were placed on the sciatic nerve at 1mmintervals with 4-0 silk thread.In group S,the sciatic nerves were only exposed but not ligated.In D,K and DK groups,dexmedetomidine 50μg/kg,ketamine 10 mg/kg and dexmedetomidine 25μg/kg + ketamine 5 mg/kg were injected intraperitoneally,respectively,while the equal volume of normal saline was injected in S and CCI groups,once a day for 14 consecutive days after CCI.Mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured at 1 day before CCI,and 3,7 and 14 days after CCI.Six animals were sacrificed after measurement of pain threshold at 3,7 and 14 days after CCI and the lumbar segments (L4-6) of the dorsal root ganglion were removed for determination of P2X4 R mRNA and P2X7 R mRNA expression by RT-PCR.Results Compared with group S,MWT and TWL were significantly decreased at 3,7 and 14 days after CCI in groups CCI,D,K and DK,the expression of P2X4R mRNA and P2X7R mRNA was up-regulated at 3,7 and 14 days after CCI in groups CCI,D and K,and the expression of P2X4 R mRNA and P2X7 R mRNA was up-regulated at 3 and 7 days after CCI in group DK (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group CCI,TWL and MWT were significantly increased and the expression of P2X4 R mRNA and P2X7 R mRNA was down-regulated at 3,7 and 14 days after CCI in groups D,K and DK (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with D and K groups,TWL and MWT were significantly increased and the expression of P2X4 R mRNA and P2X7 R mRNA was down-regulated at 3,7 and 14 days after CCI in group DK (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which the combination of dexmedetomidine and small dose of ketamine produces a synergistic antinociception in rats with neuropathic pain may be related to down-regulation of the expression of P2X4 R mRNA and P2X7 R mRNA.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 308-nm excimer light in the treatment of stable vitiligo. Methods Thirty patients with stable vitiligo were enrolled in this clinical trial. All the subjects received the treatment with 308-nm excimer light on a twice-weekly schedule for 3 months. Results The repigmentation rate was 95.0%, 75.0% and 66.7% for lesions in the face and neck, trunk and limbs, with the treatment sessions averaging 10.22 ± 1.60, 19.10 ± 2.38, 37.74 ± 3.06, respectively, and accumulative irradiation dose averaging 7.50 ± 3.45, 10.60 ± 1.01, 18.56 ± 3.05 J/cm2 respectively. Significant differences were observed in the repigmentation rate and treatment sessions between the lesions in the face and neck, trunk and limbs (all P ＜ 0.05). No severe side effects were seen during the treatment. Conclusion 308-nm excimer light is effective and safe for the treatment of vitiligo.

[ ABSTRACT] AIM:To observe the effect of high glucose on the protein expression of calreticulin ( CRT) and its association with cell apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in the cardiomyocytes.METHODS: AC-16 cardiomyocytes were randomly divided into normal glucose group, high glucose group, high glucose+CRT siRNA group and isotonic con-trol group.The cell apoptotic rate, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential level, respiratory enzyme activity, and protein expression of CRT were observed.RESULTS: Compared with the cardiomyocytes in normal glucose group, the apoptotic rate and ROS production of cardiomyocytes increased in high glucose group, accompanying with the decreases in the mitochondrial membrane potential level and enzyme activitiy of the respiratory chain.The protein expression of CRT was significantly increased in high glucose group.However, compared with high glucose group, high glucose+CRT siRNA decreased the expression of CRT and attenuated the damage of mitochondria, but CRT siRNA did not reduce the ROS level in cardiomyocytes.CONCLUSION:High glucose brings about CRT over-expression to induce mito-chondrial injury, thus increasing myocardial apoptosis.