Post-transcriptional regulation of prokaryotes is of pivotal importance to the quality control and stability main -tenance of multiple proteins .The ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins-mediated modifications have widely participated in the manipulation of cell cycle control , subcellular localization and cellular metabolisms .Typical ubiquitin like proteins (UBLs) are ubiquitin,SUMO,Nedd8 and FAT10.Recently, the dynamic regulation mechanisms between sumoylation and de-sumoylation have become the cutting edge in the era of ubiquitin-like modifications.In this review, we briefly summa-rized the entire SUMO-mediated modification systems and the intricate balance regulation .We also discussed the counter acting star molecule SENP1 and its relationship with tumor initiation and progression ,immunological regulation and develop-mental homeostasis .

Regulatory T (Treg) cells exert significant influence on the control of autoimmunity and maintenance of homeostasis,while the progressive roles of Treg cells in solid tumor and hematological malignance have also attracted much attention recently.Except for the specific expression of transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3),natural Treg (nTreg) cells have Treg-specific hypomethylation pattern in a limited number of key genes,which is indispensable for stable Treg cells and functional nTreg cells to define the T-cell subpopulation possessing Treg-type epigenome more accurately.The expression of Foxp3 and Treg-specific hypomethylation phenotype have close relationship with the epigenetic regulation,which involves DNA methylation,histone methylation,acetylation,microRNA,etc.This review summarizes the different mechanisms of epigenetic regulation according to the two important features of Treg cells.

Neurotrophin 3(NT-3) is required for proprioceptive neuron survival and physiological function.During embryonic development,NT-3 deficient in developing muscle dues to loss of proprioceptive neurons in dorsal root ganglia or their axons by apoptosis,and then to the absence of muscle spindles.The chemoattractant effect of NT-3 on dorsal root ganglion axons has been improved that NT-3 is a key requirement for the development of proprioceptive projection to motor neurons.Depletion of NT-3 in the period of adult educes to the decline of the function of proprioception.NT-3 has extensive protective effect on proprioceptive neuron and enhances them to restore the normal physiological function under the pathological state.

Bone marrow-derived stem cells, mainly including hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, multipotent adult progenitor cells, etc., are the most densely studied adult stem cells up to now. Recent findings indicate that adult stem cells have the potential to differentiate across lineage barriers and to adopt the expression profiles and functional phenotypes of cells unique to other tissues. This flexibility is termed "plasticity",which has posed challenges to conventional concepts. Meanwhile, it brings new hopes for the therapeutic application of cell engineering and tissue engineering. This review focuses on the biological features, the plasticity and its possible mechanisms, research method and potential clinical application of bone marrow-derived adult stem cells

Objective:To observe the effect of ischemic preconditioning(IP)on hepatocellular apoptosis caused by ischemia-reperfus ion(IR)injury and expression of apoptosis regulatory genes(Survivin,HIF-1?)protein,to explore the protective mechanisms of IP on IR injury in rat liver.Methods:Ninty SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation(SO)group,ischemia-reperfusion(IR)group,ischemic preconditioning(IP)group.In SO group,the hepatoduodenal ligament of rat was only pulled and separated,and then closed the abdomen;IR group subjected to 30 minutes of ischemia;IP group was achieved by ischemia for 5 minutes,followed by reperfusion for 5 minutes before continuous to ischemia for 30 minutes.Ten rats of each group were killed after reperfusion for 2,6,12,24 hours respectively,then liver tissues were taken out.The rats in SO group were killed after operation for 2 hours.To detect the Apotosis index(A)Iand Survivin,HIF-1? protein levels.Results:AI of hepotocytes significantly increased in IR group and IP group than that in SO group(P

It is of vital importance for medical postgraduates to strengthen moral construction.Based on Bourdieu's field theory,the paper puts forwards methods to enhance the influence of moral education by forming of moral habitus by self-education,clinic practice and academic study and the accumulation of moral educational capital by the combination of mentors,society,schools,families and peer groups.

Cellular autophagy is a major degradative pathway for clearance of aggregate-prone proteins and damaged organelles. It plays an important role in regulating cellular homeostasis, cell growth and development, and disease development. Dysfunctional autophagy contributes to the pathology of various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, in which specific pathological protein accumulation occurs. A growing body of evidence suggests that resveratrol plays a significantly role in the regulation of autophagy and clearance of pathological proteins. Resveratrol is a potential drug for neurodegenerative diseases therapy. This review focuses on the effects of resveratrol on cellular autophagy and clinical application in the control of neurodegenerative diseases.
Alzheimer Disease ; Autophagy ; Humans ; Huntington Disease ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; drug therapy ; Parkinson Disease ; Stilbenes ; pharmacology

Cellular autophagy is a major degradative pathway for clearance of aggregate-prone proteins and damaged organelles. It plays an important role in regulating cellular homeostasis, cell growth and development, and disease development. Dysfunctional autophagy contributes to the pathology of various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, in which specific pathological protein accumulation occurs. A growing body of evidence suggests that resveratrol plays a significantly role in the regulation of autophagy and clearance of pathological proteins. Resveratrol is a potential drug for neurodegenerative diseases therapy. This review focuses on the effects of resveratrol on cellular autophagy and clinical application in the control of neurodegenerative diseases.

Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia(AML-M7)is a rare neoplastic hematologic disorder,the pathogenesis is not clearly.Recent research has found many eytogenetic changes in this disease;and also some genes mutation,such as GATAI,p53,RUNXI play very important roles in AMKL.The aim of this article is to review the cytogenetic and molecule mechanism of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia.