Background: The lip trill is a semi-occluded vocal tract exercise found to have positive outcomes on vocal parameters of healthy individuals after a single session. However, the effect of several lip trill sessions has not been studied. Objective: This study investigated the effect of a 3- to 4-week lip trill exercise program on Maximum Phonation Time (MPT), Maximum Phonation Frequency Range (MPFR), Harmonics-to-Noise Ratio (HNR), and mean Speaking Fundamental Frequency (mean SFF). Methods: Three vocally untrained healthy females with perceptually normal voices participated in a multiple-baseline, single-case experimental research. Five to seven direct training sessions were randomly assigned. Self-implementation was encouraged thereafter. Participants were assessed on all outcome measures for 15 sessions. Data were visualized and inspected. Cohen’s d was also derived using Standardized Mean Difference for single-subject research. Results: Visual and statistical analyses revealed a decreased MPT when training was introduced, increased MPFR variability during the training phase, and increased stability in mean SFF post-training. Perceived effects include vocal freedom, decreased laryngeal stress, and vocal conditioning. Vocal outcomes in one participant yielded a significant effect on MPFR and mean SFF and a small effect on HNR. Conclusion There is evidence of lip trill effect on pitch control and vocal conditioning. Findings also revealed that motivation, exercise frequency, and adherence could contribute to positive gains in vocally healthy speakers. Further investigation in consideration of the study findings and limitations is warranted.
prevention

No abstract available.
Primary Prevention*

This paper proposes a conceptual model for establishing a new approach to improvise anti-smoking strategies. The Tobacco Control programme under the World Health Organization (WHO) has established MPOWER measures to be applied globally. Although numerous approaches have been implemented, there is a knowledge gap pertaining to the positive impact of these strategies. Therefore, analyzing current approaches and establishing new strategies will be beneficial for the tobacco control movement. The proposed model has been adapted from the Medical Research Council (MRC), United Kingdom framework for complex interventions which can be used as reference for researchers to develop a new initiative or strategy for tobacco control. This proposed model incorporates three phases, which are (i) Phase 1: To identify factors influencing stop smoking desires and their successfulness among “specific location” population, (ii) Phase 2: To analyse available smoking cessation strategies globally using systematic review, and (iii) Phase 3: To develop new potential tools/products/guidelines for anti-smoking promotions based on Phase 1 and 2. The novelty of this concept in developing anti-smoking strategies is the incorporation of local needs in Phase 1. This research may contribute significantly to stop or quit smoking behavior among Malaysians. At the end of this study, researchers will be able to recommend new and/or adapted tools/products/guidelines based on the framework discussed. Also, government regulations regarding cigarettes should be properly reviewed in order to achieve more significant results whilst minimizing expenses for anti-smoking campaigns.
Smoking Prevention

Atrial Fibrillation ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Primary Prevention

No abstract available.
Cardiovascular Diseases* ; Primary Prevention*

No abstract available.
Coronary Disease* ; Secondary Prevention*

A study on 2 areas with high risks: Son Tinh district (Quang Ngai province) and Ninh Thuan province showed that: children had vaccinated of neonatal tetanus prevention in Son Tinh district and Ninh Thuan province were 89,27% and 84,29% respectively. Children without tetanus vaccination were 10,73% and 15,7% respectively. Among them, their mothers had not vaccinated or only vaccinated one dose was 69,7%, the rest vaccinated lately or out of the protective time.
Tetanus ; Prevention & control

National Institute of Malariology - Parasitology - Entomology reported national malaria status in the first 6 months of 2004. Investigative indexes included: mortality, morbidity, the shortcomings of technology, natural environmental and social changes, resource management. Providing some focuses on malaria prevention in the second 6 months of 2004 for malaria epidemiological surveillance, vecto prevention, malaria treatment and diagnosis, communicative education and malaria preventive socialization
Malaria ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ;

In 2003, due to practice effectively malaria prevention programs and intensify supervise malaria epidemiology that malaria prevention in Tuyen Quang provice had good results, gained 3 aims: malaria morbidity reduced 28%, malaria mortality 0%. Malaria epidemiology was stable in Tuyen Quang. However, in 15 malaria parasites in Tuyen Quang in 2003, there was 14 was exotic malaria parasites from the South and other provinces. Therefore, in the later years, beside the investigation, management of Ministy of Health, the government project for malaria prevention, National Institute of Malariology - Parasitology - Entomology, Tuyen Quang needed to implement well malaria epidemiological surveillance in basic levels and malaria preventive plan to maintain gained malaria preventive results
malaria ; epidemiology ; prevention & control

The conference "Enhance the ability for malaria prevention of some provinces in Tay Nguyen the second time" was held in Da Lat, Lam Dong province on 22 November 2004 by the Ministry of Health. Assessmentary the situation of malaria in this area showed that: There was without malaria outbreak; the mortality of malaria decreased 62.5% (in quantity) and 63.3% (rate of population). The infection of malaria fell down by 30,9% (in quantity) and 26.3% (rate of population). It is the first time for many years, the mortality and the infection rate of malaria in the year on year basic in Tay Nguyen - Binh Phuoc areas reached lower level compared with the whole country. The main causes as followed: There were time by instructions from the Ministry of Health's leaders; The national project on malaria prevention, the Institutes for malaria - parasite - insect. The main measures included: continueing to strenthen the socialization >?< for malaria prevention; Mobilizing all resources from the central to the local level, from the community, from the International projects; Enhancing progranda on health education - malaria prevention
Malaria ; prevention & control ; epidemiology