Background: Rotavirus is the main cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in children under 5 years old. In Viet Nam, about 50-70% hospitalized children with acute diarrhea caused by rotavirus. This indicated the importance of vaccination against diarrhea in Vietnam and researching on creating safe diarrhea vaccine for infants was a imperative. To achieve a good result of the research, it\u2019s necessary to understand the genetic characteristics of rotavirus.Objectives: To determine sequencing of VP4, VP7, NSP1, NSP4 genes of human rotavirus strain G4P6. Subjects and method: The research was performed on rotavirus samples (203pp16TK; 203pp27TK; 203pp30vero; 203pp37vero; 203pp38vero lot11; 203pp38TK lot12) by using ARN separation and RT-PCR methods. Results and Conclusion: We presented the results of sequencing of VP4, VP7, NSP1, NSP4 genes in some passages of human rotavirus strain G4P6 including their deduced amino acid sequence. The nucleotide mutants of VP7, NSP4 genes of passages are 2, 1 respectively. All the mutants result in amino acid changes. There was no mutation on VP4, NSP1 genes. The result confirmed that all passages of human rotavirus strain G4P6 had no contamination. They had similar degree respectively 89-93%, 85-97%, 81-93%, 92-95% with strains in the world.
Rotavirus/ pathogenicity

Aims: The study aims to investigate the potential of the endophytic bacteria as an alternative to control the devastating brown eyespot disease caused by Cercospora sp. in coffee plants. The fungal phytopathogen causes severe leaf fall and berry damages resulting in serious yield losses in coffee farms in the Philippines and worldwide. Currently, the management of this fungal infection relies heavily on synthetic fungicides, which may be of major environmental concern. Methodology and results: Endophytic bacteria were isolated from the intercellular tissues of Coffea liberica leaves by surface sterilization, maceration, dilution technique, plating on trypticase soy agar and colony characterization. Fourteen isolated endophytic bacteria were screened for their ability to inhibit the mycelial growth of Cercospora sp. through modified dual culture assay. Isolates HCC10-3SC3, HCC10-3SC2, HCC10-1SC1, ICC10-3SC1, and ICC10-1SC1 yielded the highest percent inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) with 59.56%, 60.92%, 60.96%, 64.36%, and 67.06% respectively and are statistically significant (p<0.05) compared to the antibiotic control nystatin. The top five performing endophytic bacteria were subjected to hydrolytic enzyme production assays and found to exhibit amylolytic, lipolytic, proteolytic, chitinolytic, and cellulolytic activities. Based on the morphological and molecular identification by the 16S rRNA sequence analysis, isolates showed the similarity with Staphylococcus cohnii, Bacillus siamensis, Staphylococcus hominis, and Kosakonia cowanii found in GENBANK. Conclusion, significance and impact of study The study revealed the biological control potential of endophytic bacteria agents against the brown eyespot-causing fungus in coffee.
Endophytes--pathogenicity

ABSTRACT Colletotrichum is one of the most significant and common plant pathogens, infecting many economically important crops worldwide. Colletotrichum is also one of the most studied fungal genera in Malaysia because it contains many species that infect various types of agricultural crop including fruit, vegetable and industrial crops. Studies on Colletotrichum spp. are mostly focused on the causal pathogens, the host range and disease management. Among the host crops, most studies on Colletotrichum spp. have been conducted on infection in chilli (Capsicum spp.), which, in Malaysia, first arose in the 1980s and still continues to be a problem to this day. Studies have also been conducted on Colletotrichum spp. associated with anthracnose in fruit crops including dragon fruit, papaya, banana and mango. Disease management of anthracnose pathogens postharvest has also been conducted to prolong the shelf life of these fruit crops. In this review, Colletotrichum spp. associated with chilli and several fruit crops as well as their disease management are highlighted. There have been many changes in Colletotrichum taxonomy and systematics in recent years, affecting the identification of anthracnose pathogens reported in Malaysia. Colletotrichum species identified solely by morphology or solely via the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region should be referred to as sensu lato (in the broad sense) since many species belong to species complexes. Species within a species complex are closely related, and most are cryptic species particularly species in the C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum complexes which are commonly associated with agricultural crops in Malaysia. Due to the importance of Colletotrichum spp. as plant pathogens, up-to-date identification methods should be used since accurate species identification of Colletotrichum is crucial for formulating suitable disease management programmes as well as for plant quarantine and biosecurity purposes. This review provides the current knowledge on the status of Colletotrichum spp. associated with agricultural crops in Malaysia and potential control methods on different types of agricultural crops.
Colletotrichum--pathogenicity

OBJECTIVETo investigate diseases occurring in Rheum palmatum in Gansu province and identify pathogen.

METHODField survey in the main R. palmatum producing area and the pathogens were identified on the base of morphology.

RESULTEight fungal diseases have been found after disease surveys on R. palmatum in Gansu province from 2004 to 2007. They were leaf smut (Thecaphora schwarzmaniana), leaf spot (Septoria sp.), rust (Puccinia rheipalmati), ring spot (Ascochyta rhei), powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni.), grey mold (Botrytis sp.), root rot(Fusarium oxyxporium) and a virus disease.

CONCLUSIONLeaf smut, a severe disease with the incidence of 14%-26%, is the urgent problem waiting to be solved effectively. Powdery mildew and grey mold were reported for the first time in China.

Ascomycota ; pathogenicity ; Basidiomycota ; pathogenicity ; Botrytis ; pathogenicity ; China ; Fungi ; pathogenicity ; Fusarium ; pathogenicity ; Plant Diseases ; microbiology ; Rheum ; microbiology

Bacteria/pathogenicity* ; Fungi/pathogenicity* ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Viruses/pathogenicity*

ABSTRACT The antagonistic effect of probiotics against oral pathogens merits exploration because these bacteria are beneficial to the host’s health. The antimicrobial activity of two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus salivarius, as well as L. casei and L. salivarius combination (1:1), was investigated against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis using agar-well diffusion, auto-aggregation and coaggregation assays. L. salivarius cell-free supernatant (CFS) alone exhibited greater inhibitory effect against Streptococci spp. compared to L. casei CFS alone and the combination. However, no inhibition was observed for Candida spp. L. salivarius alone exhibited significantly stronger auto-aggregation than L. casei alone (p ≤ 0.05) and L. casei and L. salivarius combination. L. salivarius exhibited strong coaggregation ability with Candida spp., followed by Streptococci spp. while L. casei exhibited coaggregation only with Streptococci spp. However, L. casei and L. salivarius combination did not display any coaggregation with all strains. L. salivarius alone exhibited a stronger antagonistic effect on the tested organisms than L. casei alone or in combination. Based on the results, both probiotic strains showed good antimicrobial activities against oral pathogens and should be further studied for their human health benefits.
Lacticaseibacillus casei--pathogenicity ; Ligilactobacillus salivarius--pathogenicity

Background: There is nearly 3,5 billion people infected Helicobacter pylori in over the world. Objectives: To investigate Helicobacter pylori (HP) seroprevalence (by ELISA technique) and related risk factors (by questionnaire set) in children of different ethnics. Subjects and method: This cross - sectional study was carried out in Ban Qua, a mountainous village of a northern border province with a population of 408 children under 18 from 245 households (consisting of 781 members) with 5 ethnics. HP seroprevalence was determined by ELISA technique and risk factors by structure questionnaire. Results: HP seroprevalence in children under 18 was 26.7% without sex predominance but with significant ethnical difference: 16.1 % in H\u2019mong, 16.7% in Tay, 20.3% in Dao, 38.5% in Giay and 41.0% in Kinh (p < 0.001); and increased with age, particularly in 3 - 6 aged group, by the rate of 1-1.5%/year. The study results showed that age, HP infection in sibling, breastfeeding beyond 12 months and family history of gastro duodenal disorders were independently associated to HP infection in children. In addition, HP infection in parents and illiteracy in mothers were also significantly related to higher seropositivity in children (p<0.03 and <0.045, respectively). Conclusion: This study showed that although the rate of HP infection in minority ethnics was lower than in the majority (Kinh), but risk factors for the infection were somewhat similar to those identified in other studies in Kinh people.
Helicobacter pylori/ pathogenicity ; Child

Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is difficult to diagnose in children, especially in developing countries where non - invasive methods such as urea - breath test are often not available. Objectives: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a new monoclonal antibody - based antigen - in - stool enzyme immunoassay (Premier Platinum HpSA PLUS) for diagnosis of H. pylori infection in Vietnamese children. Subjects and method: Sensitivity of the antigen - in - stool test was evaluated in 232 children, 3 - 15 years of age, who were positive for H. pylori infection by culture from biopsies. For evaluation of the specificity 241 children of similar age with non - gastrointestinal conditions were included with blood and stool samples. Results:Among the culture - positive children, 224 were also positive by Premier Platinum HpSA PLUS. Among the control children 98 had negative for H. pylori infection as established by serology, using two ELiSAs (in house and Pyloriset EIA - Gill) and an immunblot (Helicoblot 2.1). These 93 childrenhad H. pylori negative also in the stool test. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of Premier Platinum HpSA PLUS were thus found to be 96.6%, 94.9%, 97.8%, and 92.1 %, respectively. Conclusion: The outcome have demonstrated Premium Platinum HpSA PLUS to be a reliable method for detection of H. pylori infection in Vietnamese children.
Helicobacter pylori/ pathogenicity ; Child

Background: Helicobacter pylori (HP), the main reason caused digestive disease in many people. Objectives: To explore the relationship between seroprevalence of HP in children and the duration of breastfeeding (BF) in childhood. Subjects and method:Data on BF duration were collected, using a structured questionnaires, then analyzed by logistic regression, in three different groups: (1) 764 children aged from 6 months to 15 years admitted to or visiting a tertiary teaching hospital, (2) 369 children under 18 from a rural village in the centre and (3) 408 children under 18 from a multi - ethnic village in the mountainous area of the northern part of Vietnam. HP infection was determined by ELISA technique. Results: HP seroprevalence was of 26.0% (69/265) in children breastfed longer than 6 months, significant lower than 37.4% (308/556) in children breastfed shorter than 6 months in the first group [p<0.02, OR (95% CI): 0.63 (0.41 - 0.84)]. This rate was of 39.7% (27/68) in children breastfed longer than 24 months, significant lower than 59.1 % (178/301) in children breastfed shorter than 24 months in the second group [p=0.01, OR (95% CI): 0.46 (0.27 - 0.78)]. However, in the 3rd group of different minority ethnics from mountainous area, where living and hygiene levels were low, HP seroprevalence was of 29.7% (82/276), significant higher than 20.5% (27/132) in children breastfed shorter than 12 months [p = 0.03, OR (95% CI): 1.64 (1.00 - 2.70)]. Conclusion: Long duration of breastfeeding seemed protective against HP acquisition in Kinh children but might become a risk factor for HP infection in mountainous children.
Helicobacter pylori/ pathogenicity ; Child

Making infection bacteria at Thai Binh… Hospital can resist many type of antibiotics at high level. S.aureus resisted usual antibiotics as: 88,3%, LM 82,9%, AM 80,9%...but onle has high effect to Flouroquinolone 81,1% and low effect to Aminoglucoside. Ecoli resist to usual antibiotics as: PG 98,6%, LM 93,1%, AM 95,7%. The antibiotics that has high effect to E.coli is Fluoroquinolone 85,3%, generation 3 Cephalosporin 55,8%
Bacteria ; pathogenicity ; drug therapy