PURPOSE: To report on the classification of congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) and multifocal ERG findings. METHODS: We studied three patients (case 1-3) with night blindness but normal fundus and one patient (case 4) with decreased vision after trauma with respect to the patients' medical history, familial history, refraction, slit lamp examination, fundus examination, FAG, ERG, and multifocal ERG. RESULTS: The ERG in case 1 showed a decreased rod response, and this patient was diagnosed with Riggs-type CSNB. The typical "negative ERG" was found in all three cases of ERG (except case 1), and these cases were diagnosed with Schubert-Bornschein-type CSNB. Based on Miyake's classification, case 2 was incomplete, and cases 3 and 4 were complete. The mfERG of the cases with complete Schubert-Bornschein type had delayed implicit times of the first-order kernel and decreased amplitudes of the second-order kernel. The delayed implicit times and the decreased amplitudes of the first- and second-order kernels were found in the cases of Riggs- type and incomplete Schubert-Bornschein-type.
Classification* ; Humans ; Night Blindness*

An analysis of four patients with congenital stationary night blindness showed that all had essentially normal fundi. We studied electro physiologic examinations including electroretinogram(ERG), electrooculogram(EOG) and pattern visual evoked potential(VEP). We classified these patients into two groups, one case as Schubert-Bornschein type and three cases as Riggs type based on the evaluation of scotopic and single bright flash ERG. The oscillatory potentials were absent in one case of Schubert-Bornschein type and reduced in two cases of Riggs type. The hereditary mode of three patients in one family was autosomal dominant.
Diagnosis* ; Humans ; Night Blindness*

Introduction: Night eating syndrome (NES) has been progressively drawing attention and becoming a global concern due to its clinical implications. However, the study related to NES was found to be scarce in Malaysia. As such, this study aimed to determine the risk factors of NES among Malaysian public university students. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 270 participants (mean age: 20.9±1.4 years), who were selected randomly from three different course disciplines at a public university in Selangor, Malaysia. The data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire on socio-demographic background, NES, depression, anxiety, stress, sleep quality, and disordered eating. Weight, height, and waist circumference of the participants were measured. Results: Results showed that 12.2% of the participants were engaged in NES. Binary logistic regression identified four significant risk factors of NES namely, being a male (AOR = 3.050, 95% CI = 1.129 – 8.238), persuading in a technical-stream course (AOR = 6.010, 95% CI = 2.057 – 17.555), being a stressful student (AOR = 3.580, 95% CI = 1.149 – 11.151), and having poor sleep quality (AOR = 4.664, 95% CI = 1.431 – 15.209). Conclusion: Early screening process should be conducted from time to time in which university students with potentially NES are able to receive necessary behavioural and cognitive therapy in order to recover.
Night eating syndrome ; Stress

A 20-years-old man was referred to our hospital in September 2003. He complained of fatigue and headache at the time of getting up, daytime sleepiness, sudden sleep attacks and dozing off at the wheel. He became aware of insomnia at night and severe sleepiness in the daytime at the age of 13. Since he was 17 years old, he had been seized with an uncontrollable desire for sleep. The total night's sleep has often been reduced to two hours at the longest, interrupted by arousal 10 times (maximal) since he got a job. His Epworth Sleepiness Scale was 13 points. In polysomnography, the first REM period occurred immediately after onset of sleep, and the apnea-hypopnea index was 1.0 per hour. In multiple sleep latency tests, his sleep latency and REM latency were less than 2 minutes. The sleep onset REM period was found in all sessions of MSLT. HLA-DR2 and HLA-DQ1 were positive. His case was diagnosed as narcolepsy, and methylphenidate was taken in the morning and at noon, and naps were taken in the morning and in the afternoon, and the sleep diary was started. The times of daytime's naps and sleep attacks decreased, and his condition was improved.
Sleep ; rapid eye movement ; Narcolepsy ; seconds ; night

Choroideremia is characterized by progressive atrophy of choroid and pigment epithelium of retina leading to night blindness and gross loss of field. and is inherited as X chromosome linked intermediate. Authors experienced 2 cases among a family of choroideremia. The clinical finding and brief reviews of literatures are reported as followings.
Atrophy ; Choroid ; Choroideremia* ; Epithelium ; Humans ; Night Blindness ; Retina ; X Chromosome

This review describes the wide spectrum of paroxysmal events during sleep in infancy and childhood. The differential diagnosis between sleep-related non-epileptic paroxysmal events and epileptic seizures is difficult in special occasions. The nocturnal frontal lobe seizure and of the more common non- epileptic paroxysmal events during sleep are described. The main differentiating features characterizing parasomnias are: onset in early childhood, rare episodes of long duration, relatively lower frequency per night, absence of stereotypy, gradual disappearance of older age. Video-polysomnography is the gold standard to diagnosing and differentiating parasomnias from nocturnal frontal lobe seizures.
Diagnosis, Differential ; Epilepsy* ; Frontal Lobe ; Night Terrors ; Parasomnias ; Seizures

The standard vision test using Snellen acuity is not always an accurate indicat or of functional vision loss. Acuity measures optical blur, but psudophakic eyes frequently do not affect optical blur. Therefore, acuity cannot provide relevant informations on the loss of vision experienced by the patients. Contrast sensitivity, not acuity, has been shown to be effective in determining functional vision loss due to psudophakic eyes. The MCT 8000(R), glare and contrast sensitivity system. was used for measurement of contrast sensitivity in 19 pseudophakic eyes at postoperative 1 month, 18 pseudophakic eyes at post-operative 3 months and 18 normal control eyes. The results were as follows: 1) Contrast sensitivity decreased in pseudophakic eyes compared to normal eyes in four different conditions; day vision, day vision with perpheral glare, night vision and night vision with central glare. 2) In pseudophakic eyes, contrast sensitivity was not different between 1 month and 3 months postoperatively.
Contrast Sensitivity* ; Glare ; Humans ; Night Vision ; Pseudophakia ; Vision Tests

Oguchi's disease is an unusual form of congenital stationary night blindness that is characterized by a peculiar grey-white discoloration of the retina that gives a metallic sheen. After prolonged dark adaptation, the unusual fundus discoloration disappeared and the retina slowly reverted to its original metallic color after exposure to the light. A 20-year-old man was referred for study because of a complaint of night blindness since childhood. As results of diagnostic work up, especially based on typical ocular fundus finding, dark adaptometry and electrophysiologic studies of the retina the authors have diagnosed as a Oguchi's disease. We report this case with the review of the literature.
Dark Adaptation ; Humans ; Night Blindness ; Retina ; Young Adult

We report a patient successfully treated with the herbal formulation seihaito for decreased percutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2) at night. A 90-year-old man was hospitalized for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease post-pneumonia, and the introduction of home oxygen therapy (HOT) was prescribed. He demonstrated dyspnea symptoms mainly at night. On examanination with oximetry for 24 hours, he also showed decreased SpO2 at night. So we administered seihaito without changing his other oral medications. Hypoxemia improved remarkably and the patient showed improvement in ADL. In this case, seihaito may have contributed to clearance of the respiratory tract, and improvement of tracheobronchial change due to the circadian rhythm of this disorder.
Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease ; Qing Fei Tang ; night ; Treated with ; Patients

Two brothers with nocturnal enuresis, aged 8 and 7 years, were brought to our clinic. They had had nocturnal enuresis since early childhood, necessitating the use of disposable diapers every night. Their past histories were unremarkable, and a family history revealed that their father had experienced the same disorder until he was 12 years of age. On physical examination, we noted hypertonic abdominal muscles and high sensitivity to tickling in the 8-year-old boy, and no remarkable finding in the 7-year-old boy. Initially, the elder brother was treated with saikokeishito extract ; the younger brother, with kakkonto extract. Because these extracts were ineffective, rokumigan extract was later added. The combination therapies cured the nocturnal enuresis in both the children. The fact that these patients were brothers and that their father had the same disorder as a child indicates that the cause of nocturnal enuresis observed in the parent and the siblings might be related to “kidney qi deficiency”.
Enuresis ; Brother, NOS ; Therapeutic procedure ; success ; Night time