Even until the early 20th century psychiatry and neurology had been one. However, the chasm had been wider and wider between the two, at least in this country and the United States, until three decades before when chemical treatments were popular for schizophrenia and mood disorders. During the past three decades there have been many revolutionary progresses in neurosciences. Thanks to those developments, psychiatry and neurology are going gradually closer to each other and expected to become a single clinical specialty not far ahead. It may be called neuropsychiatry or clinical neuroscience. Alzheimer's disease seems to be a very good model bridging again the rift between the two medical specialties. It is so in terms of both from basic molecular genetics to clinical symptoms and from causes of to therapeutic interventions of cognitive, behavioral, and psychological manifestations.
Alzheimer Disease* ; Cognition ; Molecular Biology ; Mood Disorders ; Neurology ; Neuropsychiatry* ; Neurosciences ; Schizophrenia ; United States

Relaxation technique is a method, process, procedure or activity that helps a person to relax. There are several methods of relaxation techniques that can be used proven beneficial to improve the individual state of relaxation. Relaxation can be performed individually or in a group. With suitable technique of relaxation, it will improve quality of life as well as emotional and physical. This study aims to investigate the impact of three different relaxation techniques, namely Autogenic (AGR), Progressive Muscle (PMR) and Music Relaxation (MR) on mood states among Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) athletes. Eighty UniSZA athletes aged between 18 to 25 years old were randomly assigned into four groups which were AGR, PMR, MR and control group. Each groups consisted of 20 subjects which were male and female athletes with multidiscipline of the sports involvement. The mood states were determined by Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) during pre and post-intervention. The subjects in the three intervention groups received relaxation training twice a week for four weeks, 30 minutes per sessions. While, a control group not received any relaxation training during the intervention time. Repeated measure ANOVA conducted showed that the two parameters in BRUMS significantly changes in post-intervention such vigour (F=16.083, p<0.0001) and confusion (F=3.412, p=0.022). Other negative mood scores showed no significant changes such; (anger; F=2.235, p=0.091, depression; F=0.960, p=0.416, fatigue; F=0.724, p=0.540, tension; F=16.083, p=0.913).The results of Pairwise Comparison revealed that the three types of relaxation techniques (AGR, PMR and MR) effective to enhance vigour (positive mood) score among the adult subjects. In this study, PMR was the most effective relaxation technique followed by AGR and MR to regulate the mood state among adults.
Autogenic Relaxation (AGR) ; Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) ; Music Relaxation (MR) ; mood states ; adult athletes.

OBJECTIVE: Patterns of clinical use of aripiprazole have changed greatly in the past decade. We aimed to assess changes in these patterns in an inpatient unit at a university hospital between 2004-2008 and 2009-2013. METHODS: The subjects (n=182) were inpatients treated with aripiprazole between September 2004 and May 2013 who were categorized according to time period: Sep 2004-Dec 2008 (n=42) or Jan 2009-May 2013 (n=142). Aripiprazole was approved as an adjunctive therapy for patients with major depressive disorder by the Korea Food and Drug Administration in 2008. The subjects' charts were retrospectively reviewed to ascertain the distribution of psychiatric diagnoses and to identify other factors related to diagnosis, such as demographic characteristics, starting/maximum doses, and treatment regimen. RESULTS: Comparison of the two time periods showed that the most common psychiatric diagnoses changed from schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders to mood disorders such as major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Aripiprazole was more often prescribed for bipolar disorder, depressed patients during 2009-2013 than during 2004-2008 (15.5% vs. 2.4%, p=0.047). Patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders (p=0.005), major depressive disorder (p=0.006), bipolar disorder, manic/mixed (p=0.006) and other diagnoses (p=0.029) had significantly lower starting doses during 2009-2013 than during 2004-2008. Although a trend was found toward a higher aripiprazole dose for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders during 2009-2013 than during 2004-2008, the difference was not significant (28.3+/-1.4 vs. 22.1+/-2.1, p=0.061). CONCLUSION: Treatment with aripiprazole has been extended beyond schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders to mood disorders and other diagnoses in clinical practice. The majority of patients treated with aripiprazole during the later period received lower starting doses than did those during the earlier one, although maximum doses varied depending on the psychiatric diagnosis.
Bipolar Disorder ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Inpatients* ; Korea ; Mental Disorders ; Mood Disorders ; Psychotic Disorders ; Retrospective Studies ; Schizophrenia ; United States Food and Drug Administration ; Aripiprazole