Child ; Humans ; Intestinal Polyps ; genetics ; Molecular Biology

Child ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Humans

Bilirubin ; Child ; Duodenogastric Reflux ; diagnosis ; Esophageal Diseases ; diagnosis ; Esophagus ; metabolism ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; diagnosis ; Humans

Adolescent ; Bilirubin ; metabolism ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Duodenogastric Reflux ; metabolism ; Esophageal pH Monitoring ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Stomach ; physiopathology

The manifestations of pediatric gastroesohageal reflux (GER) are varied and complex. Extra-oesophageal symptoms, including GER-related respiratory diseases, ear, nose and throat diseases, oral diseases and neuropsychiatric symptoms, are thought to be major manifestations of pediatric GER, but the causal relationship between GER and these extra-oesophageal symptoms is still unclear. Therefore, we describe the progress of research on the relationship between GER and asthma, chronic cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, laryngeal papilloma, sinusitis, otitis media, dental erosion, apparent life-threatening event, and the crying baby syndrome in this review. It provides new strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of GER-related diseases in children.
Asthma ; etiology ; Cough ; etiology ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; complications ; Humans ; Laryngitis ; etiology ; Sinusitis ; etiology ; Tooth Erosion ; etiology

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and cow's milk allergy (CMA) are common disorders in infants. In recent years, more and more research has investigated the relationship between these two diseases. Some studies reported that about half of the cases of GER in infants younger than 1 year may be an association with CMA. Therefore, overall understanding the role of CMA on the pathogenesis of GER has a great importance on improving clinical level of diagnosis and therapy. This review article tried to elaborate advances in research on the relationship between CMA and GER in infants, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment.
Gastroesophageal Reflux ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Milk Hypersensitivity ; complications

Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection is an important cause of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer, but their pathogenesis is unclear. The role of gastric mucosal barrier dysfunction induced by impaired structure and function of tight junction in the pathogenesis of Hp-associated gastric diseases has received considerable attention in recent years. Tight junction is composed of a variety of proteins and molecules, including 3 integral membrane proteins (occludin, claudins, and junctional adhesion molecules) and a cytoplasmic protein (zonula occludens). This paper mainly describes the composition and function of various tight junction proteins, changes in tight junction protein function induced by Hp infection and their relationship with the incidence of gastric diseases, and the significance of enhancing the tight junction protein function in the prevention and treatment of Hp-associated gastric diseases.
Helicobacter Infections ; complications ; Helicobacter pylori ; pathogenicity ; Humans ; Oxidative Stress ; Stomach Diseases ; etiology ; Stomach Neoplasms ; etiology ; Tight Junction Proteins ; analysis ; chemistry ; physiology

Zinc oxide nanoparticle (nano-ZnO) has a size between 1 and 100 nm. Nano-ZnO has some special effects, such as small size effect, surface effect, quantum size effect, which makes it different from the ordinary ZnO, and is widely used in rubber industry, food processing, cosmetics and pharmaceutical fields. It has been reported that nano-ZnO has toxic effects in vitro and in vivo, but the mechanism of toxicity is still unclear. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the safety nano-ZnO by studying its biological toxic effects and related mechanisms. In this paper, we summarize the characterization, ingestion pathway, metabolism, systematic toxicity of nano-ZnO and its mechanisms, which may provide us with new strategy for the toxic research of nano-ZnO.
Animals ; Humans ; Metal Nanoparticles ; toxicity ; Zinc Oxide ; toxicity

OBJECTIVEHirschsprung's disease (HD), one of the most common causes resulting in lower intestinal obstruction in children, is prone to be misdiagnosed or to be missed from diagnosis because of its atypical clinical symptoms and inconspicuous morphological findings by barium enema X-ray. Recently, this situation has been largely ameliorated by increased comprehension of anorectal kinetics and improvement of instrument for measurement of anorectal pressure. By now, anorectal manometry (ARMM) has been regarded as a routine means for functional assessment and diagnosis for anorectal disease. Nevertheless, the accuracy rate of diagnosis of HD in neonate by ARMM remains to be elucidated. In this study the clinical evaluation of anorectal manometry as an early diagnostic method for neonates with Hirschsprung's disease was appraised.

METHODSForty-two HD patients defined by pathological study of rectal tissue obtained via rectal mucous membrane biopsy or operation were recruited in this study. ARMM was performed in liquid transmission using PC polygraph high rate gastrointestinal dynamical detection system (PC Polygraf HR, CTD-synectics, Sweden), with 4-lumen catheter with which a small 5-cm-long balloon was connected at the terminus. All children were positioned on their left side or back during the procedure and the pressure transducers were placed in the mid-axillary line level. The results of ARMM performed before operation or biopsy were compared with the results of barium enema X-ray testing. The decrease of internal anal sphincter pressure as rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR) was measured based on the fluctuation curve of pressure detected. HD was defined when no decrease of anal catheter pressure was detected after insufflation (RAIR positive), and suspected HD state was assessed with the presentation of incomplete relaxation or positive/negative results coexisted (RAIR abnormal) in canal.

RESULTSThirty patients (71.43%) were diagnosed as HD by ARMM including 18 patients who showed negative response to RAIR and 12 patients whose response was abnormal. While barium enema examinations were carried out in all the 45 patients, the results showed 5 HD patients and 14 suspected HD patients, giving an overall diagnostic accuracy of 45.24%. There were also 16 patients with positive ARMM response and negative barium enema findings together, and 5 patients with negative ARMM results and positive barium enema findings at the same time. There was a significant difference between the two diagnostic methods (chi(m)(2) = 4.76, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONAnorectal manometry seems to be a more reliable method for diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease in neonate than barium enema X-ray. Because ARMM is a simple, safe and non-invasive method, it can be used as a screening test of choice in neonates with clinically suspected HD. But for final diagnosis, it is reasonable to combine ARMM with other diagnostic methods in HD patients.

Anal Canal ; physiopathology ; Barium Sulfate ; Enema ; Hirschsprung Disease ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Manometry ; Rectum ; pathology ; physiopathology