No abstract available.
Methods*

No abstract available.
Methods*

Data are usually collected in a raw format and thus the inherent information is difficult to understand. Therefore, raw data need to be summarized, processed, and analyzed. However, no matter how well manipulated, the information derived from the raw data should be presented in an effective format, otherwise, it would be a great loss for both authors and readers. In this article, the techniques of data and information presentation in textual, tabular, and graphical forms are introduced. Text is the principal method for explaining findings, outlining trends, and providing contextual information. A table is best suited for representing individual information and represents both quantitative and qualitative information. A graph is a very effective visual tool as it displays data at a glance, facilitates comparison, and can reveal trends and relationships within the data such as changes over time, frequency distribution, and correlation or relative share of a whole. Text, tables, and graphs for data and information presentation are very powerful communication tools. They can make an article easy to understand, attract and sustain the interest of readers, and efficiently present large amounts of complex information. Moreover, as journal editors and reviewers glance at these presentations before reading the whole article, their importance cannot be ignored.
Methods

No abstract available.
Methods*

No abstract available in English.
Methods

Mnemonic devices can be defined as learning strategies which can often enhance the learning process and later the recall of information. On the other hand, mnemonic systems are special techniques or strategies consciously used to improve memory, they help employ information already stored in long-term memory in order to make memorisation an easier task. There is no doubt that mnemonic techniques are one of the most important methods and methodologies used in education. However, nowadays these methods seem to be unremembered and seldom used by teachers or students. There is a deficit in the actual reviews on this subject. In this article we review mnemonic methods from the point of view of teaching and learning science subjects. This article is the first work in literature that refers to and emphasises various and complex aspects of mnemonic devices applications in didactic practice like science learning and teaching, helping students with disabilities and behaviour problems and second language acquisition.
Methods

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to emphasize the importance and necessity of the government's old-age preparation service by measuring the economic value of the old-age service and the policy direction and policy implications of the government's old-age preparation service project. METHODS: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was used as an analytical method. CV methodology was used to calculate the Willingness to pay (WTP) for old-age preparation service and its value was estimated and the economic benefit of the project was estimated. RESULTS: As a result of the analysis, the average monthly payment amount for the old service was calculated as 5,100 won, and the annual average payment amount was estimated to be 61,197.1 won. CONCLUSION: The present value of the benefit for 10 years with the discount rate of 5.5% is 484,651 won. Based on the value of peruser benefit, the total benefit value calculation result of the old-age preparation service considering the Willingness to pay for the next 10 years shows that the total benefit value of the old service, which occurs during the period from 2016 to 2025(10 years) was estimated at 415.1 billion won. As a result of calculating the benefit for each scenario, the present value of basic service is higher in all scenarios than the linked service.
Methods

A general review is here presented on the development, composition, existing problems and prospects of telerobotic laparoscopic surgery systems, based on the related literatures and informations in recent years.
Laparoscopy ; methods ; Robotics ; methods

At the present time, a kind of monitoring technology assuring highly effectual anesthesia is urgently required in the clinical practice. Electroencephalogram (EEG) assumes a dominant position in the current research of the depth detection of anesthesia. In this paper, the monitoring technique of the depth detection of anesthesia by bispectral index (BIS) is systematically showed. The bispectral index is a compound parameter which is composed of time domain, frequency domain, and high order spectral subparameters of the electroencephalograph. This nonlinear compound calculation method is worth research and is of great significance to the development of a new monitor of closed-loop control of anesthesia.
Anesthesia ; methods ; Electroencephalography ; methods ; Monitoring, Intraoperative ; methods

BACKGROUND: Noncompliance of operators with work procedures is a recurrent problem. This human behavior has been said to be situational and studied by many different approaches (ergonomic and others), which consider the noncompliance with work procedures to be obvious and seek to analyze its causes as well as consequences. METHODS: The object of the proposed method is to solve this problem by focusing on the performance of work procedures and ensuring improved performance on a continuous basis. RESULTS: This study has multiple results: (1) assessment of the work procedures' performance by a multicriteria approach; (2) the use of a continuous improvement approach as a framework for the sustainability of the assessment method of work procedures' performance; and (3) adaptation of the Stop-Card as a facilitator support for continuous improvement of work procedures. CONCLUSION: The proposed method emphasizes to put in value the inputs of continuous improvement of the work procedures in relation with the conventional approaches which adopt the obvious evidence of the noncompliance to the working procedures and seek to analyze the cause–effect relationships related to this unacceptable phenomenon, especially in strategic industry.
Humans ; Methods*