Visual processing was an important approach to study brain's higher functions such as information process,study,memory,linguistic process,etc.As a major visual area,occipital region became a research focus,and the authors would talk about the working mechanism of occipital region in brain according to the progresses of neuroscience.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) and risk factors in the atherosclerotic patient population. Methods A prospective study was undertaken during Oct 2002 to Nov 2003. Renal angiography was performed to screen the presence of renal artery disease among patients with variety of atherosclerotic disease, including coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and lower-extremity occlusion disease. Before the angiography, clinical data were collected. Clinical features were compared between ARAS patients and non-ARAS ones in order to explore the risk factors. Results Two hundred and eighteen patients with coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease or lower-extremity occlusion disease were enrolled in the study. ARAS (≥50% diameter narrowing by angiography) was identified in 53 (24.3%) of all the patients. Insignificant renal artery stenosis (

Objective To investigate the changes and possible mechanisms of the expressions of metabolic pattern glutamic acid receptor 1(mGluR1) and mGluR3 in hippocampus of juvenile rats submitted to lithium chloride-pilocarpine induced model of epilepsy in 6 h,5 d,60 d after status epilepticus(SE) onset.Methods Seizures were induced in the juvenile rats with lithium and pilocarpine injected intraperito-neally,and behavioral changes and EEG were observed.Eighteen SD juvenile rats with SE were randomly divided into following groups: groupⅠ,in which the rats were killed at 6 h after SE onset(6 h SE),group Ⅱ,in which the animals were killed during the seizure-free period(5 days after SE onset),and group Ⅲ,in which the animals were killed in 60 days after SE induction(period of spontaneous recurrent seizures).And intraperitoneal injection of saline water control groups were divided into: groupⅠa,group Ⅱa and group Ⅲa.The hippocampus tissues after the rats were put to death were collected,the expressions of mGluR1 and mGluR3 mRNA were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) in the hippocampus of juvenile rats.Results EEG of rats in group Ⅰ were abnormal,but normal in groupⅡ,and 5(83%) cases of the juvenile rats in group Ⅲ manifested dissemination of sharp waves,spikes or spike wave.The saline control group did not spontaneously attack.There was more significant upregulation of mGluR1 mRNA expression(Pa0.05).The expressional levels of mGluR3 mRNA were upregulated in groupⅠ,group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ(Pa

AIM: To determine the optimal operation method and reduce operative complications by retrospective analysis of outcomes of different operative manipulation for patients with congenital ectopia lentis ( CEL) .
●METHODS: A retrospective study ranged from Jan. 1, 2010 to Jan. 1, 2015 was conducted and 31 CEL patients (57 eyes) treated with different operations were taken into this study. The postoperative outcome, operation related complications was analyzed in terms of different operative manipulations.
● RESULTS: The most common types of CEL are idiopathic and Marfan - related CEL. All eyes ( 98%) benefited from operation except 1 Marchesani syndrome eye concurrent with optic atrophy induced by glaucoma. A total of 3 eyes ( 5%) were treated by phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation; 8 eyes ( 14%) were treated by phacoemulsification, capsular tension ring implantation combined with intraocular lens implantation, among these 8 eyes, 1 eye was treated with capsular tension ring implantation combined with suture fixation; 39 eyes ( 68%) were treated by lens excision and anterior vitrectomy through corneal incision combined with intraocular lens implantation with suture fixation, among these 39 eyes, 2 eyes were treated with trabeculectomy , but not combined with intraocular lens implantation; 5 eyes ( 9%) were treated by intracapsular cataract extraction and anterior vitrectomy combined with intraocular lens implantation with suture fixation; 2 eyes ( 4%) were treated by lens excision and vitrectomy through pars plana combined with silicon oil injection.
● CONCLUSION: Almost all patients can obtain satisfactory outcomes through various operative manipulations. Phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation was the first choice for patients with lens dislocation range less than 90°. Phacoemulsification, capsular tension ring implantation combined with intraocular lens implantation was recommended for 90° - 180°, and lens excision and anterior vitrectomy through corneal incision combined with intraocular lens implantation with suture fixation was more suitable for lens dislocation range more than 180°. The appropriate operative methods for different types of CEL patients is the key to success.

0.07 s showed the sensitivity and specificity of 90.1% and 91.4% for those with stenosis ≥75%.Conclusions Color Doppler ultrasonography is a reliable and convenient examination for diagnosing ARAS.

[Objective]To analyze the clinical features and related risk factors in diabetic retinopathy(DR)and diabetic periph?eral neuropathy(DPN),the two micro-peripheral vascular diseases in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus.[Methods]A retro?spective study of 211 cases of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus inpatient from 2009 to 2012 ,and compare the two micro-peripheral vascular complications.[Results]The morbidity of DPN was(33.6%),which was higher than that of DR,some cases of DR co-existed with DPN,DR was related with DPN(r=0.158,P=0.020). Age and systolic blood pressure were the common risk factors in DR and DPN by single factor analysis.[Conclusion]It should be paid attention to the screening of both DR and DPN in each age group in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Except for the control of blood glucose ,the control of the systolic blood pressure is important in the prevention and treatment in the two micro-peripheral vascular diseases.

Objective To study the content changes of wilforlide A in Xinfeng capsules before and after compatibility.Methods The content of wilforlide A was determined in Xinfeng capsules ester content and in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f.single solution by TLCS method.Developing solvents:chloroform and methanol (85:1),scanning wavelength:230 nm.Results Wilforlide A showed a good linear relationship in 1.700-5.100p g,the regression equation is Y =1 118.766 + 3 253.751 X (r =0.999).The average recovery of the wilforlide A in Xinfeng capsules was 102.84％,and RSD was 3.64％.The average recovery of the wilforlide A in the Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f.single decoction was 98.14％,and RSD was 2.21％,compatibility levels before and after the change (compatibility with 0.179mg/g,0.136mg/g after compatibility).Conclusion The established TLCS method was simple,specific and accurately quantitative.The comparative study found that the compatibility of Xinfeng capsules Tripterygium reduced the content of wilforlide A,which may be related to decreasing toxicity.

Objective To preliminarily test the value of gastroesophageal reflux disease questionnaire (GERD-Q) in auxiliary diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD) in infants and young children.Methods From January 2011 to February 2014,148 infants and 87 young children with suspected GERD symptoms were enrolled in the outpatient and inpatient departments of Wuhan Women and Children's Medical Care Center.The diagnosis of GERD were made through 24 h esophageal pH monitoring and upper gastrointestinal hysterosalpingography.Those with any examinations being positive were brought into GERD group,and the others into the control group.All cases had been surveyed with GERD-Q.Using SPSS17.0 statistical software,the ratio was compared with chi-square test,and the difference of the scores between groups with t test.Results In infants (1 to 11 months),the individual symptom scores (ISS) of the 6 symptoms in the GERD group (n =111) were all higher than those in the control group (37 cases) (P ＜ 0.05),and the composite and symptom scores (CSS) [(131.43 ± 66.56) scores] in the GERD group was higher than that [(33.70 ± 40.03) scores] in the control group (t =8.42,P ＜ 0.05).In young children (1 to 3 years old),the ISS in the GERD group(55 cases) were all higher than those in the control group(32 cases),and the CSS[(98.58 ± 66.75) scores] in the GERD group was also higher than that [(28.50 ± 35.95) scores] in the control group(t =5.49,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions There is a good correlation for age-specific GERD-Q to distinguish GERD symptoms in infants and young children,which is suitable for the assessment of GERD.

Objective To investigate the effect of Exendin-4 (Ex-4) on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury-induced apoptosis in primary rat cortical neurons and the possible underlying mechanisms.Methods Rat cortical neurons were cultured in vitro,identified by NES-immunohistological staining and immunofluorescence staining,and randomly divided into the following groups: control group,I/R group and Ex-4 group.RT-PCR was performed to establish the existence of active glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R).ELISA was used to measure the neuronal cytoplasmic cAMP level. MTT was used to detect viability. Fluorescent DNA binding dye Hoechest 33258 was used to reveal apoptosis. C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) and growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible gene 34 (GADD34) mRNAs were detected by real-time PCR. Results The apoptosis rate induced by ischemia 6 h/reperfusion 12 h was 77.0% ±5.3% and was decreased to 27.0% ± 3.5% after Ex-4 ( 0. 4 μg/ml ) treating ( t = 19. 462,P ＜ 0. 01 ).Levels of CHOP and GADD34 mRNA in cortical neurons increased since 4 h and peaked at 12 h after reperfusion. Ex-4 group showed a sharp elevation of levels of CHOP and GADD34 mRNA,peaking at 8 h reperfusion,and then tended to decrease.Conclusions Ex-4 has protective effect against rat cortical neurons injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion. The protective effect may be related to inhibition of ESR-related neuron apoptosis via regulation of unfolded protein response.