No abstract available.
Malaria*

No abstract available.
Malaria*

No abstract available.
Malaria*

Background: Forest malaria is one of the challenges faced by the Malaria Control Program in Vietnam. Objectives: (1). To evaluate the malaria prevalence among forest goers, (2). To study the efficacy of insecticide-treated hammock net (ITHNs) in malaria prevention for forest goers. Subject and method: The descriptive epidemiological intervention study on the effect of ITHNs in forest malaria control has been carried out in Ninh Thuan in 2005 \ufffd?2006. Results: Malaria prevalence among forest goers was very high: Clinical malaria: 15.5%, enlarged spleen: 7.0%, confirmed cases: 13.3% and asymptomactic cases: 74%. Age, sex, ethnic, low educated levels, low income, less use of mosquito-nets and poor house condition were considered as risk factors in malaria infection, especially for people who spent much time in the forest. ITHNs were effective in prevention of malaria infection, the malaria morbidity was decreased after 2 years of application (reduced from 31 % to 14% for prevalence, and from 274/1000 population to 161/1000 population for incidence), and the morbidity rate was lower than that in the group of people who did not use ITHNs. Conclusion: For the entomological survey, it is found that Anopheles density reduced in the group of people prevented by ITHNs. The residual of insecticide on the hammock net was decreased after 2 years utilization.\r\n', u'\r\n', u'\r\n', u'
Malaria

Background: Malaria remains to be one of the major health problems in tropical areas of the world. It puts at least one-third of the world population at risk of infection and afflicts over 200 million people worldwide, approximately 7000 of whom are Filipinos. In spite of available drugs, malarial chemotherapy is still insufficient. The increased resistance of Plasmodium falciparum strains to existing antimalarial drugs prompts the discovery of new therapeutic agents for malaria. Objective: This study aimed to uncover, through molecular docking technique, new chemical entities that can be developed as new drugs for malaria. Methodology: In this study, 2,527 approved and 5,755 experimental drugs from DrugBank and 4,687 natural compounds from Analyticon MEGx database were docked against Plasmodium falciparum aspartate transcarbamoylase (PfATC) and oritidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (PfOMPDC), two key enzyme targets involved in the de novo biosynthesis pathway of the pathogen. Results: A total of 39 compounds (1 approved drug, 19 experimental drugs, 19 natural products) had larger binding energy (BE) values than the known ligands 2,3-naphthalenediol (BE = -7.0 kcal/mol) and uridine 5- PfATC monophosphate (BEPfOMPDC = -9.0 kcal/mol). The top 3 hits were natural products: dihydrotrichotetronine (BEPfATC = -21 kcal/mol, BE = -18 kcal/mol), ginkgolide A (BE = -19 kcal/mol, BE = -15 kcal/mol), and PfOMPDC PfATC PfOMPDC ginkgolide C (BE = -16 kcal/mol, BE = -16 kcal/mol). Conclusion Based on calculated binding energy and ADMET properties, dihydrotrichotetronine, ginkgolide A, and ginkgolide C are the best natural product candidates for further development as dual inhibitors for both PfATC and PfOMPDC enzymes. Furthermore, myricetin (BE = -9 kcal/mol, BE = -10 kcal/mol) and PfATC PfOMPDC tolcapone (BE = -9.1 kcal/mol, BE = -9.2 kcal/mol) may also be repurposed as anti-malarial drugs.
Malaria

Background: Inflammation is a crucial process driving pathogenesis in malaria infection. The devastating effects of malaria infection has always been associated with severe inflammation whilst protective effect is linked to provocation of anti-inflammation responses. IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 are well-established anti-inflammatory cytokines with their functional roles during malaria infection remain elusive. Therefore, this study was undertaken to study the effects of modulating IL-10, IL-4 and IL-13 on the course of malaria infection in Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA)-infected murine model. Methods: Male ICR mice were randomly assigned into 5 different groupings and were infected intraperitoneal with 0.2 mL of 2 x 107 pRBCs containing P. berghei ANKA (PbA). Malaria-infected mice were treated with recombinant mouse IL-4 (rmIL-4), recombinant mouse IL-10 (rmIL-10) and recombinant mouse IL-13 (rmIL-13) for 4 consecutive days after the establishment of the infection. The survival and parasitemia levels of malarial mice and malarial mice under different treatments were monitored. Major affected organs (kidneys, lungs, brain, liver and spleen) were subjected to histopathological analysis at day-5 post infection. Results: Our findings revealed that the overall lifespan of malarial mice treated with recombinant mouse rmIL10, rmIL-4 and rmIL-13 were prolonged, accompanied with significant reduction in malaria parasitemia levels, in particular in malarial mice receiving recombinant rmIL-10 and rmIL-13. Histopathological conditions of kidneys, lungs, brain, liver and spleen treated with recombinant mouse rmIL-10, rmIL-4 and rmIL-13 were also improved. Sequestration of parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs) and inflammation seen in major affected organs were alleviated. Conclusion Despite some limitations, this preliminary study demonstrated the promising therapeutic effects of IL-10 and IL-13 as adjuvant therapies in reducing severe pathological manifestations triggered by inflammation during malaria infection.
Malaria

In 2003, 2 small swidden field malaria outbreaks were identified in Tuong Duong district of Nghe An province. Although different development of the first time, malaria outbreaks developed in swiddenfield, then transmissed into villages. A lots of patients have confirmed to have malaria. One death case was caused by the late hospital admission. The number of working and overnight people on the swiddenfields increased at the hot spot time as this was the harvesting time and the school children had summer holiday and joined their parents’ work here (29.1 – 48.9% of household and 27.2-28.4% of population in the hamlets). They did not use mosquito nets. The infection rate of malaria among the swiddenfield people was 13.5 – 60.5% and 7.4 – 42.2%, respectively. The mass blood screen showed the presence of both P.falciparum and P.vivax (P.falciparum in Ang village and both P.falciparum and P.vivax in Phong village). A high malaria infected rate in 2 outbreaks showed a limited diagnosis and treatment’s quality of local health. Cold parasites were found to be high, with P.falciparum and combined form
Malaria ; epidemiology ; Malaria, Falciparum

Mixed falciparum-vivax infection accounts for 5% of all malaria cases seen in endemic region. However, a larger proportion of mixed malaria cases develop cerebral complication. We report one case of mixed infection resulted in cerebral malaria.
Coinfection ; Malaria* ; Malaria, Cerebral

The study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the artesunate in 7-day treatment course on uncomplicated P.falciparum malaria from August to December 2003, in the Phuoc Hoa and Phuoc Thang communes, Bac Ai district, Ninh Thuan province. The clinical trials were implemented in conformity with the WHO Guidelines 2001. Artesunate with total dose of 16 mg/kg body weight was used for 7days in 159 patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria. The oral treatment of patients was supervised strictly; the clinical assessment and parasite density were followed up during 28 days after treatment. The number of patients completing 28-day follow-up was 131 cases. The trial results showed that the success rate of treatment was 122/131 (accounting for 93.1%) cases, the mean fever clearance time (mean +/- SD) was 1.2:+/- 0.4 days, the mean parasite clearance time was 1.8+/- 0.7 days and the rate of late treatment failure was 9/131 cases (6.9%)
Malaria ; Malaria, ; Falciparum ; Artemisinins

Sensitivity and specificity of the Asan Easy Malaria P.f/P.v tests (made by Asan Korean Company) in the diagnosis of P. falciparum and P.vivax malaria was investigated compared to Giemsa microscopy and re-checked by PCR technique. A total of 283 tests were conducted in the provinces of Lai Chau, Quang Binh and Binh Phuoc, and 90 other ones were carried out with cultured P. falciparum at the laboratories of the National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology. The different results were found with two method as 111 positive cases were confirmed by Giemsa staining (59 P.falciparum and 54 P.vivax), while only 94 positive tests (53 P.falciparum and P.vivax) were determined by Asan. The samples with different results by two methods were re-cheked by PCR technique for confimation. The sensitivity and specificity of Asan tests in Plasmodium species detection were 97.8 and 89.9%, respectively, in general, and 99.0% and 91.2% in diagnosis of P falciparum, and 75.9% and 97% of P. vivax, in particular. However, in the following-up period (2-3 days), both methods showed the same results of parasite re-examination
Malaria ; Diagnosis ; Malaria, Vivax