The study of brain information flow is of great significance to understand brain function in the field of neuroscience. The Granger causality is widely used functional connectivity analysis using multivariate autoregressive model based on the predicted mechanism. High resolution electroencephalogram (EEG) signals of ten healthy subjects were collected with a visual selective attention task. Firstly, independent component analysis was used to extract three spatially independent components of the occipital, parietal, and frontal cortices. Secondly, the Granger causal connectivity was computed between these three regions based on the Granger causality method and then independent sample t-test and bootstrap were used to test the significance of connections. The results showed that Granger causal connectivity existed from frontal to occipital and from parietal to occipital in attentional condition, while causal connectivity from frontal to occipital disappeared in unattentional condition.
Algorithms ; Attention ; Brain ; physiology ; Electroencephalography ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans

Objective To explore the safety and efficacy of small margin in nephron sparing surgery for early localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods A total of 325 cases of RCC with normal contralateral kidney and staged as Tla were retrospectivly studied.According to the margin size,125 cases were with surgical margin ≤ 5 mm (group ≤ 5 mm),102 cases with margin 6-9 mm (group 6-9 mm) and 98 cases with margin ＞ 10 mm (group ＞ 10 mm).The margin size and status was pathologically evaluated and clinical results including local recurrence,distant metastasis and overall survival rate were followed up and comparatively analyzed. Results None of the patients had positive surgical margins.The mean and median margin sizes were 2.2 and 2.0 mm for group ≤ 5 mm,6.7 and 6.0 mm for group 6-9 mm and 11.8 and 12.0 mm for group ＞ 10 mm.The difference was statistically significant (P=0.025).The mean and median follow-up time for all the patients were 79 and 83 months (range 15-132 months),with 69 and 73 months (range,15-130 months) for group ≤ 5 mm,83 and 86 (range,17-132 months) for group 6-9mm and 82 and 82 (range 60-103 months) for group ＞ 10 mm.Three patients in group ≤ 5 mm,5 in group 6-9 mm and 2 in group ＞ 10 mm died of no-cancer related disease during follow-up.One patient in group ≤ 5 mm (0.74％) experienced ectopic recurrence in the same kidney and one in group 6-9 mm was detected local recurrence in situ (0.98％).No distant metastasis was detected in all the patients.The overall 5-year survival rate for patients in groups ≤ 5mm,6-9 mm and ＞ 10 mm were 99.2％,99.0％ and 98.0％,respectively.(Kaplan-Meier survival analysis,Log Rank,x2 =1.511,P=0.470). Conclusions Small margin in nephron sparing surgery is safe and effective in treating RCC with stage T1a,which provides excellent renal function preservation,favorable long-term progression-free survival rate,and is not associated with an increased risk of local recurrence.

Objective To explore the strategy of emergency medical rescue of the massive crowd in general hospital during spring festival with snow disaster. Method The clinical data of 20 966 emergency cases were analyzed retrospectively from 22 Jan,2008 to 6 Feb, 2008 with snow disaster, and concerned about the ratio of different diseases, the character of pre-hospital care and the contrast between emergency medical treatment and routine work. Results The accidence of respiratory disease ( 57.3 % ) was followed by gastrointestinal ( 25.5 % ) and trauma (6.2% )during the emergency medical treatment, and surgical trauma, syncope, coma and convulsion were the most common symptoms, also in some conditions, but empties returning was 30.3% . Similar to the above situation, the extremities (56%)and head injury (24%)were most commonly in the hospital emergency department. The incidence of falling accidents was high( 35.7 % ), and two of them were dead due to trauma on died of being trampled, and on the other was electrothermal burn and falling. Conclusions The general hospital is very important in emergency medical treatment, and it should be ready to tackle the emergency disaster, in order to reduce the loss to minimum.

Objective To investigate features of maxillary morphology in unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) with maxillary retrusion and the dissimilarities of retruded maxilla.Methods Craniofacial measurements were done in 32 UCLP adult patients with maxillary retrusion (GC), 24 adult patients in class Ⅲ (GⅢ), and 32 healthy adults (GN).The CT slice data was reconstructed into a 3D video model and measured by Mimics 16.01.Results The maxillary volume (GM) and the volume composed of maxilla and maxillary sinuses (GT) were significantly smaller (P<0.05) in GC.The anterior and posterior parts of the maxillary length (A1-P3M⊥CP and P3M-P6M⊥CP) and overall maxillary length(A1-P6M⊥CP)at the dental level were all significantly reduced (P<0.05).There was no significant difference of the distances of A1⊥CP between the GC and GⅢ groups, while the P3M-CP and P6M-CP in the GⅢ group were significantly shorter (all P<0.05).The anterior and overall maxillary length at the dental level (A1-P3M⊥CP and A1-P6M⊥CP) in the GC group was significantly smaller than that in the GⅢ group (all P<0.05).Conclusions The decreased prominence of maxillary complex could be caused by the shortened maxillary length in UCLP patients;the posterior position of the maxilla is more obvious than that of GC group in class Ⅲ patients.

Objective To analyze slowly the digestibility and postprandial glycemic response after consum of different cereal starch. Method Starch was quantified into different nutritional fractions using the in vitro Englyst test. Ten healthy subjects consumed 7 kinds of carbohydrate foods with 50 g normal maize starch, waxy maize starch, wheat starch, sticky rice starch, rice starch, potato starch or glucose. Blood samples from postprandial zero to 120 min after consumption of test materials were collected for measurement of glucose, glycemic index and extended glycemic index. Results Native cereal starch was ideal slowly digestible starch (SDS) and the proportion of SDS was about 50% based on Englyst test. The GI value of cereal starch was more than 90% and belonged to high glycemic index foods, but EGI was positive, regarding glucose powder as 100%. Conclusion Cereal starch with slow digestibility and similar glycemic response was a better carbohydrate material to provide a slow and prolonged release of blood glucose and maintenance of glucose homeostasis, which was potentially beneficial to health.

The non-specific accumulation and release of drugs are the main factors affecting the therapeutic effect as well as causing toxic side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. Nowadays, the application of nanotechnology and responsive drug release is an important strategy to improve the tumor-specific accumulation of drugs and reduce their side effects. In this study, an α-enolase targeted peptide (ETP)-modified polyethylene glycol poly-lysine block copolymer loaded with oxaliplatin prodrug was synthesized first, and then, polymer-coating Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were prepared by phase transfer dialysis method to improve the blood circulation stability and tumor targeting of oxaliplatin. At the same time, the physicochemical properties, reductant-responsive drug release, cellular uptake, tumor targeting and other biological functions of ETP modified oxaliplatin-loaded Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were studied in vitro and in vivo. First, the results of reductant-triggered drug release study showed that the drug-loaded nanoparticles could achieve rapid release of more than 80% of the prototype oxaliplatin within 3 h under the reduction conditions simulating the tumor cytoplasmic microenvironment. Secondly, the results of flow cytometry showed that the modification of ETP could increase the ratio of cellular uptake of drug-loaded nanoparticles in tumor cells, and the way that drug-loaded nanoparticles endocytosed by tumor cells were mainly through the energy-dependent and receptor protein and fossin-mediated endocytosis pathway. The animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of School of Pharmacy of Fudan University. Moreover, the results of pharmacokinetic experiment showed that the area under the curve (AUC_0-∞) of oxaliplatin could be significantly increased by nano-formulation which was about 5 times than that of free oxaliplatin. Besides, the pharmacokinetic results also showed that the drug-loaded Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles constructed by covalent linkage and chelation had good overall stability in vivo. Finally, the in vivo imaging results showed that ETP modification could increase tumor accumulation of drug-loaded nanoparticles, which would be conducive to the efficacy of oxaliplatin in tumor lesions. In summary, the oxaliplatin-loaded Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles with the capability of reductant-responsive drug release have good drug release characteristics, blood circulation stability and tumor targeting ability, and have the potential to improve the anti-tumor therapeutic effect of oxaliplatin.

Objective To analyze the relationship between clinical competence of baccalaureate nursing students and its potential related factors,and investigate the results of curriculum reform of 4-year nursing undergraduate education.Methods The records of 263 baccalaureate nursing graduates were retrieved.Variables including age,years of college education,sex,college entrance examination scores,average scores of basic courses,average scores of public courses and average scores of professional courses were collected.Clinical competence was measured by the clinical practice tests at various clinical units.The linear regression analysis was performed to find out the influencing factors of clinical competence.Results The clinical competence was significantly related to sex,average scores of public courses and average scores of professional courses(P

Nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) fingerprint of Rhodiola rosea medicinal materials was established, and used to distinguish the quality of raw materials from different sources. Pulse sequence for water peak inhibition was employed to acquire 1H-NMR spectra with the temperature at 298 K and spectrometer frequency of 400.13 MHz. Through subsection integral method, the obtained NMR data was subjected to similarity analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). 10 batches raw materials of Rhodiola rosea from different origins were successfully distinguished by PCA. The statistical results indicated that rhodiola glucoside, butyl alcohol, maleic acid and alanine were the main differential ingredients. This method provides an auxiliary method of Chinese quality approach to evaluate the quality of Rhodiola crenulata without using natural reference substances.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; methods ; Principal Component Analysis ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; Rhodiola ; chemistry

Influenza, caused by influenza virus, is a serious respiratory illness which poses a global public health threat. Vaccination is the primary strategy for the prevention and control of influenza. Although both inactivated vaccines and the live attenuated vaccines are effective in preventing influenza, the current vaccines have poor efficacy in the elderly and fail to provide protection against heterosubtype viruses. Development of a safer and more effective influenza vaccine that provides broad cross protection, overcoming the intrinsic limitation of the current vaccines, has been a scientific challenge. During the past decades, structural biology, reverse genetic and other virological technologies developed quickly and sped the progress of influenza vaccinology. Some new strategies for developing influenza vaccine have been generated, produced encouraging results, which showed great prospect as next-generation of influenza vaccines.
Disease Outbreaks ; prevention & control ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus ; immunology ; Humans ; Influenza Vaccines ; biosynthesis ; immunology ; Influenza, Human ; immunology ; prevention & control ; virology ; Orthomyxoviridae ; immunology ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; immunology ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; immunology