Alterations in the balance between synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix( ECM) and its remodeling may result in an accumulation of ECM molecules and lead to tubulointerstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis and end-stage renal failure. The major physiologic regulators of ECM degradation in the glomerulus are matrix metalloproteinases ( MMP). Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-2 and-1 (TIMP-2 and TIMP-1)are endogenous inhibitors of MMP-2 and MMP-9 respectively. The expression or activity of MMP and TIMP is different in all kinds of kidney diseases or pathophysiological processes. This article reviews the interrelationship of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and kidney diseases.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a disease with high disability and mortality rate.It is still lack of effective treatment means in clinical practice.Studies in recent years have found that early brain injury may be the primary causes that result in higher mortality and poor prognosis in patients with SAH.This article mainly reviews the animal models and pathogenesis of early brain injury after SAH.

Computed tomography colonography (CTC) is a well-established technique for evaluation of colorectal cancer (CRC). Signiifcant advances have been made in the technique of CTC since its inception. Besides being an excellent tool for detection of CRC, it is minimally invasive, less time-consuming and well tolerated by patients. Furthermore, it has fewer complications than conventional colonoscopy (CC) or barium enema (BE). The application of new technologies, such as electronic cleansing (EC) and dual-energy CT (DECT), enriches the examination of CTC. In 2005, a standardized reporting scheme, CT colonography reporting and data system (C-RADS), was put forward by the working group on virtual colonoscopy. They proposed that the report should include lesion size, number, morphology, location, attenuation and recommendations for lesion surveillance. New research progress and clinical applications of CTC in CRC are reviewed in this article. In addition, the paper also brielfy touches upon technique, indications, contraindications, safety and risk of CTC.

Objective To explore the effects of isoflurane on blood plasma metabolites (BPM) and its correlation with cognitive dysfunction.Methods Thirty female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into two groups:rats in the control group (n =10) received 80％ oxygen for 2 hours (h);and rats in the isoflurane-treated group (n =20) were anesthetized with isoflurane and 80％ oxygen for 2 h.Cognitive functions were examined using a Y-maze test to explore the learning times of rats.The level of blood plasma metabolites was detected through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS).Results The learning times of rats in the isoflurane-treated group was more than the learning times of rats in the control group [(70.75 ± 15.30) vs (45.40 ± 11.21),P ＜ 0.05].D-fructose,arabinofuranose,n-butylamine,and inositol significantly increased (P ＜ 0.05),respectively.Whereas,L-analine and L-proline significantly decreased (P ＜ 0.05) in isoflurane-treated rats when compared to those in the control rats (P ＜ 0.05).Moreover,plasma concentrations of d-fructose,arabinofuranose,n-butylamine,inositol,and L-proline were positively correlated with the degree of cognitive dysfunction in the isoflurane-treated rats.Conclusions Changes of plasma concentrations of inositol,and d-fructose in aged rats are useful in predicting the occurrence and progression of post-anesthesia cognitive dysfunction.

BACKGROUND:Chronic ankle instability can cause traumatic joint disease and secondary adhesive capsulitis, and even result in permanent dysfunction.
OBJECTIVE: To explicit the forming reason of chronic ankle instability and to investigate the diagnosis and treatment methods of chronic ankle instability based on the biomechanical analysis of the ankle joint.
METHODS: PubMed and Wanfang databases were retrieved for review and basic research papers about the anatomy, biomechanics, diagnosis and treatment of chronic ankle instability published from January 1990 to December 2014. The keywords were “chronic ankle instability, anatomy of ankle joint, biomechanics, therapy, research” in English and Chinese, respectively. After screening, 40 papers were included to summarize the anatomical structure of the ankle joint, mechanism and classification, diagnostic methods, and treatment methods of chronic lateral ankle instability.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Diagnostic methods of chronic ankle instability include ankle varus stress test, ankle anterior drawer test, ultrasonic test, modern imaging detection; and therapeutic methods for chronic ankle instability can be divided into conservative treatment and surgical treatment, and the surgical treatment can be subdivided into non-anatomic reconstruction and anatomical repair of the damaged ligament. Early diagnosis and effective treatment are recommended for patients with chronic ankle instability, and the treatment programs should be determined based on comprehensive analysis of ankle anatomical structure, biomechanical characteristics, pathogenesis, and diagnostic results.

Quinone is one of the electron transporters of the microbial respiratory chain. The dominant quinone of one species of bacteria is different from other bacteria. So the quinone profile of environmental samples can reflect the microbial community. This paper briefly introduces the analytical method used for microbial quinones. The microbial community in an activated sludge sample is studied using this method.

0.05 ). However, benazepril+losartan group was better than benazepril group in improving heart composition and function (P

Objective To discuss the relationship between heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and oxygen consumption in therapeutic exercises for stroke patients. Methods Eighteen stroke patients a-ble to walk independently participated in the test. K4b2 Pulmonary Function Equipment was used to record their heart Rates(min-1)and specific oxygen consumption(ml·min-1·kg-1)during the following exercises:relaxed sitting,sit-to-stand transfers, leaning against a wall and elevating the hips (strength training of the gluteus maximus) , raising the unaffected leg while the affected leg is weight bearing, raising the affected leg while the unaffected leg is weight bearing, climbing up and down stairs, and walking 60 meters. RPE was surveyed after each exercise. Results The correlation between HR and oxygen consumption was moderate (r = 0.618, P≤0.001), but it was weak between RPE and oxygen consumption (r = 0.325 ,P≤0.001). Conclusion Heart rate is a better index than RPE for eval-uating exercise intensity with stroke patients able to walk independently.

Objective To determine the relationship between plasma cytokeratin polypeptide 19 (CK 19) level and prognosis of patients with first occurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).Methods This prospective trial enrolled 60 patients with PTC.The plasma CK19 level was determined by ELISA and the other clinical data were collected on admission.All patients were followed up for 12 months.The patients were divided into recurrence group (27 patients) and non-recurrence group (33 patients) according to the results of follow-up.Results Single factor analysis showed that age,female,history of smoking,Graves disease,occupational exposure,the level of thyroid peroxidase antibody,thyroglobulin antibody,triglyceride and CK19 between two groups had significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).Multiple factors analysis showed that female,history of smoking,occupational exposure,the level of thyroid peroxidase antibody,thyroglobulin antibody and CK19 were independent risk factors for recurrence (P =0.01).The recurrence rate of CK19 ≥4.12 μg/L patients was 79.31％ (23/29),significantly higher than that in CK19 ＜4.12 μg/L patients [12.90％ (4/31)] (x2 =5.17,P ＜ 0.05).The recurrence rate of CK19 ≥ 4.12 μ g/L was significantly higher than that in CK19 ＜4.12 μ g/L (x2 =4.11,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The plasma CK19 level is an independent risk factor for recurrence of PTC patients.It can be used as a significant independent predictor for recurrence of PTC patients.

Objective To study the effect of Chinese herb medicine compound on general state and bone-muscle system in simulated weightlessness rats, and to observe the synergistic action of other ingredients in the compound on calcium. Methods Thirty Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups:control group, tail suspend group, tail suspend and medicine group which were given Chinese herb medicine compound by intragastric administration. After 3 weeks simulated weightlessness, body weight (BW), muscle weight (MW) and index (MI) of posterior limb, bone length (BL), wet weight (BWW), index (BI), dry weight (BDW), content of organic (ORG) and inorganic (INO) substance, bone mineral density (BMD), and mechanical properties (MEC) of femur were observed. Results At the middle-later stage of the experiment, BW of tail suspend group decreased significantly (P