This study is aimed to evaluate prevalence of hockworm infection in three mountainous and midland communes of BacGiang province. Results showed that general prevalence of hockworm infection in these populations was 28.7%, in farmers: 29.8%, the others: 21%. In hockworm infection people, the rate of anemia was 52.7%, no one suffered severe anemia. Anemia had bad influence to people’s health with symptoms of pale skin and mucosal lining, chronic fatigue, and dyspnea in effort
Hookworm Infections ; Ancylostomatoidea ; Epidemiology

The iron metabolism in the early stage of hookworm infestation was Studied. Ancylostoma caninum larvae were given to dogs in the massive number of 5,000-10,000, and the following results were observed. A decrease of tile hemoglobin level appeared as early as 2 days after the infection and the temporary decrease of the serum iron level were also observed in this early stage of infection. The serum iron level after the oral administration showed a slightly higher elevation in the infected group compared with the control. The amount of iron excretion from the bowel in the infected group was the same as that of the control. No hypoacidity of the gastric juice was observed in the infected group. Sideroblasts in the bone marrow showed a slight increase in the early stage of the infection, but decreased markedly towards the late stage. In the early stage of the infection there was no particular histopathological change in the small intestines, liver, or spleen. However, massive petechiae and an inflammatory process were observed in the lungs and the bone marrow showed increased proliferation. It was concluded that there was no significant inhibition of iron metabolism in the early stage of hookworm infestation.
Animals ; Dogs ; Hookworm Infections/*metabolism ; Iron/*metabolism

This study was undertaken to evaluate the present status of hookworm infections in Korea from October 1976 through September 1978. The stool specimens of 5,632 persons(male 3,689: female 1,943) collected from primary and middle schools, foundling asylums, and the general populations of various parts in Korea were examined The methods employed were brine floatation technique for the prevalence rate of hookworm infections, Kato's cellophane thick smear technique for the other helminthic infections, and Stoll's dilution egg counting technique for the intensity of hookworm infections. Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus infections were classified by polyethylene tube coproculture method and by the evacuated adult worms after administration of anthelmintics against the patients infected with hookworms. The following results were obtained in this study. The prevalence rate of hookworm infections in rural area was higher than in urban area in the ratio of 2.4:1. And in the age group of over 20, the prevalence rate in significantly higher than that in urban area in the ratio of 5.8:1. In the urban area, difference in the prevalence rate of hookworm infections between the age group of over 20 and that of under 19 was not observed. But in the rural area, the ratio of the prevalence rate between the age group of over 20 to that of under 19 was 8:1. The prevalence rate of hookworm infections in female was higher than that in male in all age group except the age group of under 9 and 20-29. The ratio of the prevalence rate between female to male was 1.5:1 in total population. The area which showed the mean E.P.G. of over 1,000 was not found and almost all of the patients who were infected with hookworms gave the mean E.P.G. between l-999. Necator americanus was newly found in Dangjin Gun, Boseong Gun, Habcheon Gun and Weonseong Gun. In these 4 newly found areas, Dangjin Gun and Boseong Gun showed the composition rate of 25.5 percent and 83.4 percent respectively.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; hookworm-epidemiology ; Ancylostoma duodenale ; Necator americanus

Furfurol(Furfudol), a new anthelmintics, was administered to 7 adults and 21 children (6-12 years old) in total amounts of 15.6 mg(base) for 1 to 3 days. It has proven to be effective against hookworms. The anthelmintic effect against hookworms with a single dose of 15.6 mg of furfurol was similar to that of a single dose of 2.5 gm of bephenium hydroxynaphthoate. However, when a total of 15.6 mg of the base was given to both children and adult, the side reactions were so mild that the drug can be administered for therapeutic regimens in mass treatment. Minor abdominal discomfort was the only common side effect. This is the primary advantage of furfurol as compared with bephenium hydroxynaphthoate. These results have indicated that furfurol is safe in therapeutic dosage and is an effective agent to treat patients infected with hookworms.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda-hookworm ; chemotherapy-furfurol ; bephenium hydroxynaphthoate ; furfurol

The high incidence of intestinal parasites among the Korean people almost same as 40 years ago might be partly interpreted by the fact that they are all fond of raw vegetables cultivated on the farms fertilized with non-treated night soil. The cabbages, onions and radishes were collected from the five areas of Seoul vicinity and the number of parasites attached to those vegetables were investigated to compare with the results obtained 10 years ago by the same methods of sampling and examination as the present survey. The resultant findings were summarized as follows: The eggs of Ascaris, hookworm, Trichostrongylus and whipworm, rhabditoid larvae and filariform larvae of hookworms were detected from those vegetables. Additionally, a number of larvae of free living nematodes and morphologically undetermined eggs were also observed. The maximum number of parasites found from one vegetable were as follows: 16 Ascaris eggs on a cabbage, 27 hookworm eggs on an onion, 8 whipworm eggs on a cabbage, 68 filariform larvae of hookworm on an onion. The onions were highly contaminated by the number of parasites as much as 177.6 including the larvae of free living nematodes, the next being the cabbages with 25.3 and the radishes with 4.1 in average. No notable relationship was observed between the size of vegetables and the number of parasites attached to them. Ascaris eggs were found from 56 percent of all cabbages, 28 percent of the onions and 40 percent of the radishes; whipworm eggs were detected on 40 percent of radishes and the filariform larvae of hookworms were observed from 40 percent of onions examined. It may be concluded that there is no notable change in the number of parasites attached to the vegetables collected from the Seoul vicinity compared to the results investigated by the same method 10 years ago.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda-Ascaris ; hookworm ; Trichuris trichiura ; epidemiology ; vegetable

Single dose(1.0 cc) of 20 % 2, 6-diiodo-4-nitrophenol solution was injected to 82 hookworm infected cases and 79% of them became egg-negative within 2-3 weeks after the injection. Mild to severe local pain were experienced for several minutes in all cases. Two cases complained of paralysis of the arms of the same side. The tablet of the same formula was given orally to 21 cases for 1-4 days. The 2-4 day course with 360 mg/day were enough to eliminate the parasite, and showed no systemic side effects.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; hookworm ; chemotherapy ; 2, 6-diiodo-4-nitrophenol

Chewable pyrantel pamoate tablets were administered to children randomly assigned to three treatment groups. Individuals in each group were instructed either to swallow whole, to chew and swallow, or to swallow previously pulverized tablets. With respect to Ascaris, results of posttreatment stool examinations indicated no differences in cure rates and egg reduction rates between the different modes of treatment. However, for both hookworm and Trichuris, mean egg counts increased for both swallow and chew groups, but decreased in the pulverized group. In addition to the highest egg reduction rates, the most parasitological cures were also seen in the pulverized group for these two worms. The status of standards for chewable tablets is discussed. Until the standards are changed it is recommended that all chewable tablets be crushed before swallowing.
Adolescent, Ascariasis - drug therapy, Hookworm Infections - drug therapy

In order to clarify the contamination of vegetable gardens with human intestinal helminths, the soil samples were examined for the presence of eggs and larvae during the period from September 1973 to August l974. When soil samples collected from the vegetable gardens in Taegu were examined, four species of helminth eggs (ascarid, whipworm, hookworm and liver fluke) and a number of unknown eggs were found. Ascarid was found to be highest in the rate of detection(82.5 percent), followed by whipworm. The rates of hookworm, liver fuke and Trichostrongylus species were unexpectedly low. There was no difference between detection rate of vegetable gardens and that of vinyl green houses. However, the average number of helminth eggs detected from the soil of vinyl green houses was higher than the number of vegetable gardens. In the monthly incidence of ascarid eggs, the highest rate was found in September, and the least often was observed in August. While, the peak in the average number of the egg was encountered in August. There was no distinct trend in the monthly incidence of whipworm. However, it is likely that the detection number of whipworm per 100 gm of soil examined was relatively abundant in a period from May to August, and very little from October to April of next year. When the soil of vegetable gardens was divided into superficial, intermediate and deep layers and examined for presence of ascarid egg. The average number of the eggs found of the superficial layer was more abundant than those of the intermediate and deep layers, but the rate for the former was similar with the latter. In the demonstration of larval nematodes from the soil of vegetable gardens and vinyl houses, there found the filariform and rhabditoid larvae of hookworm and the larvae of Trichostrongylus species and unknown one. The majority of the larvae detected was belonged to unknown species, followed by hookworm larvae. The least was found in the rate of Trichostrongylus species. Generally, the filariform larva of hookwom could be detected during the hot season from May to August, but no larva was found in the winter. This suggests that the soil of vegetable gardens and vinyl green houses in Taegu is contaminated with human intestinal helminths.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda-trematoda ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; Trichuris trichiura ; hookworm ; Clonorchis sinensis ; egg ; larva

The eggs and rhabditoid larvae of canine hookworm were irradiated with ultraviolet rays for one hour at a distance of 10, 20, 30, and 40 cm. The infective stage larvae of the same parasites were irradiated for l, 3, 5 and 14 hours from the same distances. The infective larvae were also exposed under direct sunlight for l, 2, 3 and 4 hours. Parasites: Ancylostoma caninum was used. Eggs were collected in vitro from female adult worms. The worms were kept at 37 C in petri-dish filled with Kreb's Ringer solution. There was an average of two cell stages, and they were used as early as possible before the morula stage. Rhabditoid larvae were obtained by culture of the above eggs for twenty-four hours in 25 C incubator. The larvae reached the infective stage in seven days culture at the same condition. Irradiation of Ultraviolet Ray: Kingston ultraviolet light (100 volt, 10 watt, 50 cycles, 0.230 ampere) was used. The potential U.V.R. power was 1.8 watts. The distances between the material and the light were 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm at a temperature of 25 C in each case. The samples were smeared on the tile in order to keep them in saturated moisture. Fully wetted ten ply gauze was laid underneath the tile. The tile was surrounded by 2x5 cm rectangular piece of glass in order to prevent the spread of the larvae to the outside. All of the samples received irradiation for one hour and were cultured for a period of seven days. The hatching of the egg and the development of the larvae were observed. For the purpose of the study, the infectivity and pathogenicity of the irradiated samples, were inoculated into mice orally. The lungs, livers and carcass were examined three days after the infection. A routine pathological examination of the organs was also carried out. In order to study the eggs productivity, the larvae were given to the proper host, dog. The eggs in the feces were examined from three to 6 weeks after infection, both quantitatively and qualitatively. As a supplementary experiment, the infective larvae of canine hookworm were exposed four hours under direct sunlight (September 25), and the infectivity and pathogenicity of the host were examined. Hatching, development and infectivity of irradiated eggs: Hatchability of the irradiated group for one hour according to the distance from the light to the sample were 48.0 percent at 10 cm, 60.3 percent at 20 cm, 85.2 percent at 30 cm and 88. 2 percent at 40 cm respectively. None of them developed to the infective stage. They remained rhabitoid for several days and were destroyed. None was found alive in the host. 93.0 percent of the control group hatched and developed to the infective stage. Development and infectivity of irradiated rhabditoid larvae: None of the irradiated group reached the infective stage. Under irradiation they coiled and died soon after straightening out again. Only the group irradiated at the distance of 40cm survived for six days. They finally granulated. There was no manifestion of irradiated larvae alive in the host tissue. Life span, infectivity, pathogenicity and egg-productivity of the irradiated infectve stage larvae: All were destroyed in the group of fourteen hours irradiation at 40 cm distance. Thirteen precent survived in the five hours irradiation group at the same distance. The survivability of larvae was reduced by the period of irradiation and at the shortest distance. The infectivity to mice was only 0.8 percent at 30 cm, and 8.2 percent at 40 cm in the three hour irradiation group. The recovery of the infected larvae from the host tissues was reduced as the irradiation period was increased and the distance shortened. The pathogenicity was paralleled with the vitality of the irradiated larvae. From the groups of one hour irradiation and ten cm distance, three hour irradiation and ten to thirty cm distance, the egg-productivity was all negative. But as the irradiation period decreased and the distance lengthened the egg-productivity tended closer to normal. The infective stage larvae which were exposed to direct sunlight were destroyed within three hours, but survived 81 percent in the one hour exposure group and 20 percent in the two hour exposure group. The summary of the results is as follows: The hatching of eggs was reduced to half for one hour irradiation at the ten cm distance. Even hatched larvae did not develop to infective stage. Infectivity was inhibited by the irradiation to at the ten cm distance for one hour. About ten percent of the irradiated infective stage larvae were recovered from the infected animal among the group of 40 cm distance for one hour. The egg-productivity became lower in the group of one hour irradiation at 40 cm distance. The pathogenicity of the irradiated group was mild compared to the control group. The direct sunlight destroyed the infective stage larvae within three hours. In general, the ultraviolet ray showed the inhibitory action in the hatching, development, pathogenicity and egg-productivity of the hookworm. The grade was paralleled with the period of irradiation and reversed to the distance between the light and samples.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda-hookworm-Ancylostoma caninum ; irradiation ; development ; infectivity ; ultraviolet ray

A total of 48 subjects harbouring Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and/or Enterobius vermicularis were treated with oxantel/pyrantel pamoate tablets (100 mg of each) in a single dose of 20 mg base per kg of body weight. In all 37 cases of A. lumbricoides and 8 cases of A. duodenale infections cured completely, and the mean recovered worm-load was 3.8 with a range of 1-21 and 5.8 with a range of 3-9 respectively. In T. trichiura infection, 32(71.1%) of 45 cases cured completely and the average egg reduction rate was 90.8 per cent. The mean recovered worm-load was 14.6 with a rnage of 1-77 worms. On the other hand, in E. vermicularis infection, 37 (84.1 %) of 44 patients were negative eggs by anal swab tests on the 10 to 11th days and 27 (61.4%) on the 20 to 21st days after treatment. The mean recovered worm-load was 17.7 with a range of 1-62. Only one patient with Trichostrongylus orientalis treated with this drug showed no eggs in his stools throughout the post-treatment examinations. Side effects were not noted in all treated cases. These findings demonstrate that a single dose of oxantel/pyrantel pamoate tablets can be considered a drug of choice for multiple infections with these nematodes.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; Trichuris trichiura ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; hookworm ; Enterobius vermicularis ; chemotherapy ; oxantel/pyrantel pamoate