The expression of brain aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is different at the different stages of cellular differentiation, and distribution of brain AQP4 is affected by the existence of endothelial cells. Other factors including osmolality, ammonia, hypoxia, temperature, hormone, C-type natriuretic peptide, lead, complement inhibitor, lipopolysaccharide can also influence AQP4 expression in astrocytes. However, the regulating mechanisms for brain AQP4 expression are not clear. Protein interaction, protein kinase C (PKC) through protein phosphorylation, mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway, Ca2+ signaling cascade signal pathway and transcription factor pathway have been proposed, among which phosphorylation of PKC for the inhibition of AQP4 is frequently studied.

Objective To investigate the expression changes of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) and aquaporin-9 (AQP9) in rats after traumatic brain injury, and explore the roles of AQP1 and AQP9 in the development of brain edema.Methods In an impact-acceleration head injury model of rat, brain water content was measured by wet-dry weight method at 1 h, 6 h, 24 h, 48 h and 168 h after brain trauma. The expressions of AQP1 and AQP9 in brains were investigated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot.Results Brain water content increased in the injuried brain tissues after 1 h post-injury, reached peak at 24 h and returned at 168 h. Both expressions of AQP1 and AQP9 were induced in reactive astrocytes adjacent to injury sit at 6 h and 24 h after brain trauma. Staining of AQP1 in the endothelial cells was not present in normal rat brains but appeared strong after brain trauma.Conclusion A remarkable induction expression of AQP1 or AQP9 after brain trauma may participate in the development of brain edema.

Abstract As the largest human microecosystem, intestinal microorganisms participate in human material and energy metabolisms and pose a significant impact on human health. Diabetes mellitus is likely to cause imbalance of abundance and component alterations in intestinal microorganisms, and reduce the diversity and balance, leading to intestinal microflora dysregulation. It has been shown that intestinal microflora dysregulation may promote diabetes development and progression through the reduction of intestinal microbial metabolites, inflammatory reaction and insulin resistance. This review summarizes the involvement of intestinal microorganisms in the pathogenesis of diabetes through metabolites including short-chain fatty acid, bile acid and lipopolysaccharide, and describes the current status of intestinal microorganisms-mediated treatments for diabetes, so as to provide the theoretical basis for the researches on diabetes and intestinal microorganisms.

Objective To study the effects of aerobic exercises on platelet function in patients with phase Ⅰ essential hypertension (EH). Methods Low-intensity aerobic exercises therapy was given to 36 patients with phase Ⅰ EH for three months. Changes of their blood pressure, heart rate, platelet aggregation rate (PAGTmax), alpha-granule membrane protein (GMP-140) and mean platelet volume (MPV) werer ecorded and compared to those in 36 normal healthy controls. Results As compared to those in controls,PAGTmax, level of GMP-140 and MPV were all increased in patients with phase Ⅰ EH before exercises therapy(t=15.221, 10. 916 and 16. 401, respectively, all P < 0. 01 ). After exercises therapy, 24-hour mean blood pressure decreased in association with reduction in PAGTmax to (0. 80±0. 05)% from (0. 88±0. 08) % (t=4. 323, P < 0. 05), level of GMP-140 decreased to ( 28±20) μg/L from (57±23 ) μg/L ( t=15.049, P<0.01) and MPV decreased to (9.0±0.9)fl from (9.1±0.9)fl (t=5.518, P <0.05) before it. But, there was no significant difference in these in dicators of platelet function in controls before and after exercise therapy (P>0.05). Conclusions Aerobic exercises therapy could be effective in lowering blood pressure in patients of mild EH with increased platelet activation, as well as inhibition ontheir platelet activation.

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) includes preoperative education,intraoperative effective anaesthetization,analgesia,precision surgical techniques and postoperative early rehabilitation.Because of special location of the pancreas,difficulty of surgical techniques,longtime of learning and high incidence of postoperative complications,the application of ERAS in pancreatic surgery is restricted.While ERAS could reduce the stress after surgery and the incidence of complications,promote the recovery of patients,shorten the duration of hospital stay and reduce the expenses,which are confirmed by clinical practice.ERAS is the trend of the development of pancreatic surgery.How to balance the optimal prognosis and speed recovery is need to be resolved by pancreatic surgeons.

Objective To evaluate the effect of community health education on pre-hospital delay and clinical outcomes of hospitalization of the patients with acute myocardial infarction.Methods Community health education for the adults living near the Linyi People's Hospital was conducted from July 1st to October 30th,2012.ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction identified 1 year prior to or during the health education program was used as control (n=81) or study group (n=89),respectively.Delay from the onset of ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction symptoms to hospital admission,the rate of reperfusion therapy,the in-hospital malignant complications and the death rate were compared between the two groups.Student's t test,Chi-square test,Fisher's exact probability test and the Wilcoxon rank sum test were used for data analysis.Results Median pre-hospital delay was 80 (47-150) min in the study group,less than 90 (60-255) min of the control group (Wilcoxon W=6 912.00,Z=-2.182,P=0.029).The rate of reperfusion therapy was 54％ in the study group,higher than 38％ of the control group (x2 =4.181,P=0.041).The overall incidence of severe complications during hospitalization was 24％ in the study group,less than 42％ in the control group (x2=6.732,P=0.009).Conclusion Community health education could decrease pre-hospital delay for acute myocardial infarction,improve the rate of reperfusion therapy and decrease the overall incidence of severe complications during hospitalization.

Spleen and Stomach is the central embodiment of Li Dongyuan's academic thought, which has an extensive and profound influence on the later physicians and clinical application. In this paper,based on the specific Herbal Prescription of Li Dong yuan’s Treatise on Spleen and Stomach,the use of the concept of wholism in TCM,as wel as the Thinking Characteristics of Syndrome Differentiation Dependent Therapy ,discussing the drug administer-ing characteristics of Spleen and Stomach in four aspects:the use of wind drugs,combined ascend and descend,adjusting the medication according to the climatic change of the four seasons,emphasizing dietetic therapy ,medicine and food have the same effect.Obtaining the fol owing conclusions :The Dong Yuan treatment of disease is good at starting from the spleen and stomach. Attach importance to the function of the spleen and stomach of qi activity,its legislation is rigorous, and the thought of harmony between man and nature,ect.The research is helpful to further study of Dong yuan ’s academic thought ,to provide a theoretical basis for treating spleen and stomach disease nowadays.

[Objective]To introduce the effect of treatment of recurrent dislocation of the patella with reconstruction of MPFL in children.[Method]Forteen knees of 11 cases of children recurrent patellar dislocation were treated by reconstruction of MPFL,the patients were followed for 3 years at least.The rate of recurrence,the subjective symptoms and the function of the injured leg were evaluated.[Result]There was no recurrence at the last follow up.The IKOC subjective knee scores were(39.4?4.7)and(91.3?6.1)(P

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between acute hyperglycemia level and prognosis in patients following spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Methods: A total 661 consecutive patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage (from symptom onset to hospital and evaluated ≤24 hours) were admitted to West China Hospital, Sichuan University from March 1, 2002 to March 1, 2009 were recruited prospectively. The blood glucose levels of the patients and other clinical materials related to the prognosis were collected comprehensively. Hyperglycemia was defined as the blood glucose level ≥8 mmol/L at admission. The mortality and disability (as modified Rankin scale ≥3) of the patients 1 year after intracerebral hemorrhage were followed up. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between hyperglycemia and prognosis. Results: A total of 661 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage were recruited. Circled digit oneOf the patients, 194 (29.3%) had hyperglycemia and 65 (9.8%) had diabetes mellitus. Circled digit twoThe National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score were positively correlated with the admission random blood glucose levels significantly (r = 0.392, P = 0.000). Circled digit threeCompared to the patients with normal blood glucose, the risk of death in patients with hyperglycemia was 4.357 times of those with normal blood glucose at 1 year (OR = 4.357; 95 % CI: 2.586-7.340), and the risks of mortality/disability was 3.117 times of those with normal blood glucose at 1 year (OR = 3.117; 95% CI: 1.888-5.144). Conclusion: The blood glucose levels on admission showed significant positive correlation with the severity of the disease. The random glucose level ≥8 mmol/L on admission might be an independent risk factor influencing the prognosis of patients 1 year after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.

Objective To investigate the change of heart rate variability(HRV) in patients with white coat hypertension (WCH).Methods Participants were classified as essential hypertension (EH) group (n=35),white coat hypertension (WCH) group (n=35),normotension (NT) group (n=35) based on clinic and 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.The time and frequency-domain measures of HRV were measured by 24 h ambulatory electrocardiographic recording.Results Compared with NT controls,the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN),rate-mean-square of the difference of successive RR intervals (RMSSD) and high frequence (HF) in the patients with EH and WCH were significantly decreased[SDNN:NT(132.2?21.5)vs EH(115.9?18.9)vs WCH(120.6?17.5)ms;RMSSD:NT(36.8?9.3)vs EH(28.6?8.9)vs WCH(27.5?8.5)ms;HF:NT(206.8?99.7)vs EH(159.5?86.6)vs WCH(161.1?84.5)ms2/Hz;all P0.05).Conclusion These changes in the parameters of HRV showed cardiac autonomic nerve dysfunction in white coat hypertensive patients.