Background: Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus requires the maintenance of self-care behaviors, which include proper nutrition. However, diabetic patients often find that following a healthy diet is the most difficult component of self-care. It is important to assess the eating behaviors of diabetic individuals in order to customize a dietary plan but locally clinicians are hampered by the lack of a culturally adapted or validated tool. Objective: The goal of this study is to develop and validate a Filipino eating behavior questionnaire for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methodology: Literature review, expert interviews and focus group discussions among type 2 diabetic patients were done. All inputs, including pooled items from existing eating behavior questionnaires, were reviewed and categorized into corresponding eating behavior domains as determined by expert panel consensus. After translation into Filipino and pre-testing, the questionnaire was administered twice to 197 adults with type 2 diabetes. Questionnaire reliability was determined using Cronbach’s α and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Results: A 29-item, self-administered, Filipino eating behavior questionnaire answerable by a 4-point Likert scale was initially developed. This questionnaire featured three known eating behaviors namely: uncontrolled, restrained, and emotional eating; and included two newly identified eating behaviors: social and pro-active eating. In both first and second tests, only the items in the uncontrolled (Cronbach’s α 0.739 & 0.816), social (Cronbach’s α 0.641 & 0.707), and pro-active (Cronbach’s α 0.622 & 0.665), eating domains were found to be internally consistent. One item under the restrained eating domain was deleted to improve the consistency of the items. For the test-retest reliability, moderate to high positive correlation (coefficients ranging from 0.530 to 0.744) between scale scores in the two test runs was achieved. This indicated stable responses to the items. Conclusion An eating behavior questionnaire for type 2 diabetic individuals that was developed to be culturally appropriate is a generally reliable, reproducible and valid instrument to assess eating behaviors. This study identified social and pro-active eating as behaviors among Filipinos with type 2 diabetes mellitus that were not previously described in foreign literature. The instrument may provide benefit in evaluating eating behaviors and formulating more individualized nutrition management plans.
Eating ; Behavior ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to identify factors affecting fruit consumption behavior by application of the Theory of Planned Behavior. In addition, this study examined the moderating effect of a fruit eating habit. METHODS: A total of 734 consumers who have ever purchased fruit participated in this study. RESULTS: Results of this study showed that attitudes toward fruit intake, social norms, and perceived behavioral control had significant impacts on the level of fruit intake. Fruit eating habit that showed high correlation with eating behavior was also included in the model identifying factors having an influence on fruit intake. Attitudes toward fruit intake, social norms, and perceived behavioral control had a positive influence on intention to intake fruit. Fruit eating habits played a moderating role in the relationships between intention to intake fruit and real fruit intake. CONCLUSION: Increasing positive attitudes toward fruit intake, social norms, and perceived behavioral control would be helpful in increasing the amount of fruit intake.
Eating ; Feeding Behavior ; Fruit* ; Intention*

Background: The increasing body image dissatisfaction and disordered eating attitudes among adolescents have become a public health concern globally. Detection and prompt intervention could save adolescents from physiological and psychological health problems. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the body image and eating behavior among senior high school students at Colegio de Santa Catalina de Alejandria enrolled in the school year 2020- 2021 and if there is any relationship between their eating behaviors and body image. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on August 2020 to July 2021 at Colegio de Santa Catalina de Alejandria in Dumaguete City. The study utilized the questionnaires: Eating Attitude Test- 26 (EAT-26) in identifying the risk for eating disorders and the Stunkard Scale for the assessment of body image. The participants of the study were Grade 11 & 12 Senior high school students enrolled in the school year 2020-2021. Descriptive statistics including frequency, percentages, mean and standard deviation were calculated for each variable (age, sex, height and weight). The Spearman’s rank-order correlation was used to analyze the data in determining any relationship between the body image and eating behaviors of the participants. Result: Body dissatisfaction was noted in a portion of female respondents. EAT-26 was considered positive and confirmed the presence of eating attitudes that were associated with risks for the development of eating behavior disorders in 55% of the sample population. A positive correlation between EAT-26 scores and the body image was also observed among female respondents. Conclusion The results indicate that attention must be given to eating behavior risks within this group.
adolescent ; body image ; eating behavior

This study was carried out to compare the nutrition knowledge, nutrition attitudes and eating behaviors of dietitians and non-dietitians. The subjects of this study were 148 dietitians and 195 non-dietitians who are working in the metropolitan area. The general characteristics, nutrition knowledge, nutrition attitudes and eating behaviors of the subjects were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire. The results were as follows: The result of anthropometric data and body mass index showed no significant differences between dietitians and non-dietitians groups. The dietitian group (16.61 +/- 1.82) showed a significant difference (p < 0.001) compared to the non-dietitian group (14.60 +/- 2.17) in nutrition knowledge scores. Nutrition attitudes of the dietitian group (36.66 +/- 6.91) was a little higher than the non-dietitian group (36.21 +/- 7.95), but not a significant difference. The dietitian group (61.52 +/- 9.37) and the non-dietitian group (62.50 +/- 11.25) were no significant difference in eating behaviors. The correlation between nutrition knowledge scores and nutrition attitudes score of dietitians and non-dietitians groups were no significantly difference and also the correlation between nutrition knowledge scores and eating behaviors scores were not statistically significance. Whereas, the correlation between nutrition attitudes and eating behaviors showed a significant difference (dietitian r = 0.40829, nondietitian r = 0.51914). From these results, we could see the necessity of emphasis of nutrition knowledge by mending the education is necessary to enable dietitians to apply that in real life. Also it is important to guide non-dietitians to adjust their nutrition knowledge, nutrition attitudes and eating behaviors.
Body Mass Index ; Eating ; Feeding Behavior

The purpose of this study was to explore the personality and eating behavior among adult women. The subjects for the study were 237 adult women, who live in Seoul. The survey instruments were to develop for personality and eating behavior. Data were collected between November 6 and November 27 in 2000 and analyzed using the SPSS program. The result of this study are as follows: 1. Six factors(perfection, emotion, autonomy, consideration for other, evaluate from other, dependency) emerged from personality, and these contributed 55.29% of the variance in the total score. 2. Three factors(craving, food intake according to emotion, eating habit) emerged from eating behavior, and these contributed 49.23% of the variance in the total score. 3. There were significant correlation between personality and eating behavior(r=0.32, p=0.00). 4. In the relationships between craving and personality, perfection, emotion, autonomy, consideration for other, evaluate from other, dependency showed a statistically significant correlation. 5. In the relationships between food intake according to emotion and personality, perfection, evaluate from other, dependency showed a statistically significant correlation. 6. In the relationships between eating habit and personality, perfection, autonomy, consideration for other, evaluate from other, dependency showed a statistically significant correlation. This study suggest that perfection, evaluation from other, dependency dimension of personality may be important factor for regulation of eating behavior.
Adult ; Eating* ; Feeding Behavior* ; Female ; Humans ; Seoul

This study is to verify the effects of sensory education based on classroom activities for 2nd and 3rd grade children. The hypothesis is that children who participated in sensory education would demonstrate positive changes in eating behaviors through sensory experiences. The sensory education program consists of 12 lessons. Twenty-six children were being recruited from one school in Changwon, Korea. Two control groups, one of which was the same age as the educated group and the other group of sixth graders, were selected by random sampling from the same school. Children answered a self-administered questionnaire. The parents (n = 20) of the children who participated in the program, took part in evaluating the program through self-administered questionnaires after the program ended. The questionnaire contained variables of general characteristics, education satisfaction, nutrition knowledge, eating attitude and behavior concerning unfamiliar foods. The score of nutrition knowledge was improved in educated children (P < 0.05). Food neophobia score towards unfamiliar foods (P < 0.05) was increased in educated children, but there are no changes in eating behaviors in all groups towards unfamiliar foods. In conclusion, sensory education is useful for having a positive eating attitude among children. Its consistent implementation could lead to healthier and well-balanced eating behaviors for children.
Child ; Eating ; Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; Korea ; Parents ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors related to eating behavior of breakfast and dietary life score in elementary, middle, and high school students. This study was conducted by administering questionnaires, and data were analyzed by the SPSS program. The subjects were divided into three groups according to school group (elementary, middle, and high school). The subjects consisted of 1,879 students (male 973, female 906) from 11 schools in Kyungpook. The distribution of subjects was as follows: elementary school children 682, middle school students 702, and high school students 495. The results are summarized as follows. Dietary life score was 72.64 for elementary school students, 64.77 for middle school students, and 62.67 for high school students. Frequency of eating breakfast and reasons for skipping breakfast were significantly different according to school group (P<0.001, P<0.01, respectively). The main reason for skipping breakfast was 'habitual skip' for elementary and middle school students (54.8%, 46.7%) and 'getting up too late' in high school students (55.4%). There were no significant association between frequency of eating breakfast and BMI. However, there were significant differences in school performance and sleeping hours according to frequency of eating breakfast (P<0.001, P<0.01, respectively). Dietary life score was significantly different according to frequency of eating breakfast (P<0.001). These results stress the need for intervention programs aimed at decreasing the frequency of skipping breakfast in children and students at school. Further, those who prepares meals for children must increase their concern about preparing breakfast.
Breakfast ; Child ; Eating ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Meals ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The aim of this study is to help understanding of the health behaviour of elderly and to promote the development of nursing intervention enhancing health behaviour. This study trys to accomplish this goal by narrating and comparing health behaviours of several age groups and investigating related factors of health behaviour. Concrete Objects are as follows : first, to investigate whether elderly do active health behaviour, and what is the content of health behaviour. Second, to compare factors influencing health behaviour of each group. Subjects are 409 adult community residents. A group(20~39) are 123. B group(40~59) are 117. C group(60~) are 169. The results of this study are as belows. 1. The health state of elderly(C) is worse than other age groups. Health fear and health concern of C is less than A and B. But the rate of practicing health behaviour of C is higher than A and B. 2. The question of what is the most important health factor ; (1) [Regular life and diet] is considered the most important by all age groups(A-30.1%, B-27.4%, C-40.7%). Next is [exercise and rest]. And all age groups thnk that [happy mind] is among health factors. (2) [Frequent outgoing](5.7%), [hard working], [economic stability], [disease control] is also mentioned by elderly. 3. Ill-health behaviour : [smoking], [drinking], [stress], [irregular life and diet] are mentioned by all age groups. Elderly considers [confining at home](7.0%), [having nothing to do](5.6%), [motionless lying] as Ill-health behaviour. 4. The rate of practicing health behaviour : A is 73.2%, B is 74.4%, and C is 78.1%. Health behaviour is mainly made up of the items reflecting physical health concept. 5. The rate of peopl eating food or medicine in last 6 months to promote health : A is 30.3%, B is 45.4%, and C is 54.2%. 6. (1) The rate of health fear is highest at B(80.3%). (2) [Disease contract and worsening] is first item of health fear. A and B mention [can't live healthy], [declining of physical strength], [being fatty], [smoking], [stress], [loss of mobility]. C mention [loss of mobility], [deterioration of vision and hearing], [declining of cognitive function]. (3) The reasons of health fear are [maintenance of living], [cases of other people], [hardship of children] (A and B group), [confining of activity], [hardship of children] (C). 7. [Sex(p=.05)], [health concern(p=.04)] are significant variables in health behavior in all respondents. But they are different among each age groups. [Economic activity(p=.02)], [health concern(p=.05)] (B group), [education level(p=.05)], [having disease or not(p=.05)] (C group) are significant variables. In B group, [the more educated(p=.8)], [the healthier(p=.03)] and [having person to discuss with(p=.05)] were more concerned about health. This study shows the necessity of another detail study to compare health concept and behavior of different age groups, and the variables affecting health behavior. And it is suggested that the results of the study may be applied in planning health program, and in promoting participation of community residents in the program.
Adult* ; Aged* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Eating ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Nursing

The purpose of this study was to examine beliefs, self-efficacy and eating behaviors by the stages of change in vegetable consumption among college students (n = 297). A survey was conducted to examine study variables, and subjects were categorized into three groups based on the stages of change: precontemplation/contemplation stage (PC/C), preparation stage (P), action/maintenance stage (A/M). Subjects had 3.7 servings of vegetables a day, and vegetable consumption was significantly different by stages of change (p < 0.001). The A/M group showed higher score on beliefs regarding vegetable consumption (p < 0.001) than the other groups, and perceived benefits of vegetable consumption (e.g. cancer prevention) more strongly (p < 0.05). The PC/C group felt more barriers than the A/M group, such as disliking cooking methods, texture of vegetables (p < 0.001), bad taste and bad experience of eating vegetables (p < 0.05). Self-efficacy score was 27.2, with decreasing self-efficacy from A/M to P, PC/C (p < 0.001). The A/M group showed more confidence in nine behaviors such as "eating vegetables during meals" and "replacing menu at home with more vegetable dishes" (p < 0.001) than the other groups. The A/M group had more desirable eating behaviors (e.g, having a variety of foods, eating regularly, consumption of food groups). This study suggests that target population for education and educational strategies be different based on the stages of change. For those in the PC/C stage, education might focus on reducing barriers and increasing self-efficacy. For those in the A/M stage, it is necessary to use strategies to maintain and reinforce behaviors for enough vegetable consumption.
Cooking ; Eating ; Feeding Behavior ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Humans ; Vegetables

This study was conducted to assess the effects of nutrition label education in children. The students of three randomly selected sixth-grade classes at an elementary school participated, were classified into a control group, an indirect (written message to parents) education group, and a direct (teaching children) education group. Nutrition label education was conducted in the latter two groups but not in the control group. There were no significant differences between pretest and posttest scores for nutrition knowledge or in the dietary attitudes of the control group and indirect education group. Improvements in test scores for nutrition knowledge and dietary attitudes were observed only in the direct education group. There were significant positive changes in the indirect and direct education groups, such as selecting snacks (cookies) by considering the fat content. Moreover, after the lessons, the percentage of children who chose white milk (regular milk, calcium-enriched milk, and low-fat milk) significantly increased in the direct education group. This study suggests that conducting nutrition label education helps children improve their nutrition knowledge and leads to positive changes in dietary attitudes and eating behaviors. In particular, a direct nutrition education method is more effective than an indirect method such as a written message to parents. Therefore, it is suggested that systematic and constant 'nutrition label education' be performed by nutrition teachers in elementary schools to establish healthy eating habits based on choosing nutritious snacks and processed foods.
Child ; Eating ; Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; Milk ; Parents ; Snacks