This study aims to determine the job satisfaction (JS) level among professional driving instructors (PDIs) in the driver training and licensing system in Malaysia. Specifically, it looks at the influence of income level and remuneration scheme on PDI’s satisfaction. The average income of PDI is relatively low with three remuneration schemes: fixed income; fixed income plus commission; and commission only. The study adopted the cross-sectional survey using the 20-item Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) (short-form) with end-specified 10-point scale. Analysis of the data revealed that PDIs with higher income are more satisfied with their job, t (179) = -3.248, p = 0.001. Similarly, three level One-way ANOVA of JS scores with three remuneration schemes revealed a significant difference of JS across these schemes, F (2,178) = 3.51, p ≤ 0.032. Researchers’ further exploration found a significant interaction between these two variables (income level vs. remuneration scheme), F (5,175) = 4.88, p = 0.001. In general, PDIs with higher income are more satisfied with their job only if they received it as a fixed income (regardless of having commission or not). This insightful finding can be a basis for relevant stakeholders in understanding the influence of income and remuneration scheme towards JS among PDIs in Malaysia.
Job satisfaction ; professional driving instructor ; driver training ; driver licensing ; Malaysia

Lane Change Assistance (LCA) system in cars can potentially mitigate blind spot related crashes; but its effectiveness largely depends on driver acceptance and proper use. Although still in early stages, the volume of cars equipped with LCA system is expected torise in the near future as the technology has been considered in the New Car Assessment Program for Southeast Asian Countries (ASEAN NCAP) 2017 Rating Scheme. Therefore, this study is initiated to assess user acceptance of and experience with LCA-equipped cars. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to owners of LCA-equipped cars at selected service centres in the Klang Valley from November 2016 to February 2017. From a total of 276 valid responses, results revealed that most owners greatly considered LCA system when purchasing their cars and agreed that the systems had positively altered their driving behaviours i.e. regularly using the turn signal and checking the side mirrors. Nevertheless, about 20% of the respondents stated theirannoyance and distraction by the LCA systems due to unnecessary warnings from various sources, aside from getting too many warnings during traffic congestion. The study findings provide some practical implications that can aid the industry and relevant stakeholders in gauging the issue and actual situations concerning the use of LCA system in Malaysia.
Driver acceptance ; driver assistance system ; early adopter ; lane change assistance system

While driving, a driver is required to control the steering wheel to change direction. The driver’s muscles of the upper limbs and shoulders are involved in such a task. Therefore, an assessment of the driver’s physiology according to certain condition is necessary to improve driving comfort and safety. This study aims to investigate the driver’s Deltoid Anterior (DA) muscle activity while operating the steering wheel. Eleven test subjects were recruited for an experiment using a car simulator. They were required to remain in the car seat and perform the task of steering the wheel. Surface electromyography (SEMG) was used to record each subject’s muscle contraction while turning the steering wheel to the right and left by several degrees. According to the findings, 45 degrees turning recorded the highest Root mean Square (RMS) value for DA. In addition, DA muscle activation increased with more degrees turning.
Deltoid anterior ; steering wheel ; SEMG ; driver ; discomfort ; distant seated posture

Discomfort and pain issue at the body part are common complaints reported by car drivers. It is due to driving task require physical demands and need to maintain and adapt several postures in a constrained space while controlling the car. Hence, this study aims to determine the pattern of shoulder activation muscle consisting of the Trapezius muscle in two different driving posture. Respondents were required to grasp the steering wheel at 8 and 4 hand position. The Surface Electromyography was used to get the reading for left muscle’s Trapezius Descendent (TD) at two different positions; i) closest distant from steering wheel and ii) far distant from the steering wheel. Then, Temporal Analysis was used to evaluate the pattern of the driving action. From the experiment, it shows the different value of muscle activation occurred while driving according to turning action. The far seated position depicted greater activation on driving action compared to the closer seated to the steering wheel. In conclusion, the driving posture effects the activation of shoulder and arm’s muscles as early as after 20 seconds of driving activity. Hence, choosing the correct driving posture allowed a comfortable driving environment for the driver.
Trapezius ; steering wheel ; SEMG ; driver ; temporal analysis ; driving posture

Background: Cau Giay is a district within Hanoi city, where diverse people live. Motorbike Taxi Drivers (MTDs) are at high-risk of HIV infection. Objectives: To study the knowledge, attitude and HIV transmission behaviors among MTDs in Cau Giay district. Subjects and method: A cross-sectional study was carried out between March and October 2007 on 250 MTDs who worked at Cau Giay district. Results and conclusions:30.4% MTDs perceived that HIV could not be transmitted to others via sharing nail clippers or scissors with HIV infected people, 42% believed HIV can transmit via mosquito bites, 72% thought the rate of the HIV transmission from mother to child was 100%, 40% were aware that HIV could be recognized from people's appearance. Only 26.5% of the respondents were aware of the 3 main effects of condom use (including prevention from pregnancy, STls and HIV). 83.2% considered HIV/AIDS infected people as social evils such as injecting drug users, Commercial Sex Workers (CSWs). 23.2% MTDs showed are agreeable when being asked to look for CSWs by customers. 12% MTDs agreed to seek out drugs when the customers requested. The survey also reveals that there were 49.2% of MTDs having sex with CSWs within the last 6 months, of which, 58.2% did not regularly practice safe sex with CSWs. Some risk factors included low level of education, time of being MTD >3 years, low income (less than 2,000,000 VND a month), less frequent appraisal books and newspapers. MTDs that were ready to look for CSWs and drugs via customers\u2019 requests also had high risk of using drugs as well as unsafe sex.
HIV transmission knowledge ; HIV transmission attitude ; HIV transmission behavior ; motorbike taxi driver