Objective To better understand students' professional perception,humanistic education status quo and their preference to different humanistic education methods.Methods Questionnaire was conducted for 990 undergraduate students (2006 grade- 2010 grade) at medical school of Shanghai Jiao Tong university.SPSS 17.0 statistical software was used to analyze results of the questionnaire.Results Nearly 45％ students chose to major in clinical medicine out of personal interest.The identification of students for humanistic quality was lower than that for clinical knowledge and skills.More than 50％ students believed doctors were with high humanistic quality and there was a gap between students′ action and their understanding of the medical career identity and medical humanistic cultivation.More than 50％ students preferred activities that train medical and auxiliary skills.Nearly 67％ students also showed a shallow reading habit from regular internet surfing.Conclusion The professional perception of medical students are influenced by both social and historical factors influence.The gap between understanding and action is a consequence of current humanistic educational system.The humanistic educational methodology should conform to the psychological and s~ial characteristics of contemporary students.

Objective To explore the relationship of delivery of parenteral fat emulsion and lipid peroxidation,and to observe the safety and effectiveness of parenteral nutrition(PN)in infants with very low birth weight(VLBWI).Methods Thirty infants with VLBWI were randomly divided into 3 groups:the preterm infants received pareneral nutrition containing amino acids and dextrose and soluvit,while intralipid provided separately,intralipid were light exposed(group A,n=10)or light protected(group B,n=10).In group C(n=10),soluvit and vitlipid were co-administered with intralipid and light protected.All the prematures received PN for 7 days and 10 cases of VLBWI not recei-ving PN were collected as control group.Anti-oxidation level,ascorbate,blood glucose,oxygen saturation,serum biochemistry index and body weight were determined before and after experiment.Results Seven days after PN,the MDA concentrations in the test groups all increased(⊿dA was the most,⊿dB was the next,⊿dC was the least).For superoxidedimutuse(SOD)reduction concentrations,⊿dA decreased sharply,then was ⊿dB,⊿dc decreased little,The blood Vit C increase in group B and C were more than group A.Significant changes of MDA,SOD and Vit C existed among the group B,C and A.In the 3 test groups,bilirubin,albumin,prealbumin concentrations were higher after the experiment,but there were no significant changes compared with control group.No significant changes in blood biochemistry,oxygen saturations were found before and after the observation in every group.Conclusions Multivitamin preparations protect fat emulsion against light-induced formation of lipid hydroperoxides,and administering multivitamins with fat emulsion via dark delivery tubing provide a practical way of preventing peroxidation of the lipid while limiting vitamin loss.Furthermore,it is relatively safe to apply fat emulsion intravenously with suitable dose and infusion rate for a few days to VLBWI from the second day of birth who require partial parenteral nutrition.

This study investigated a nano drug delivery system built by one sort of modified trimethyl chitosan (TMC). The TMC was modified by cRGDyk, ligand of integrin receptor avβ3. Single factor screening was used to optimize the prescription in which the particle sizes of TMC nanoparticle (TMC NPs) and cRGDyk modified TMC nanoparticle (C-TMC NPs) were (240.3 ± 4.2) nm and (259.5 ± 3.3) nm. Electric potential of those two nanoparticles were (33.5 ± 0.8) mV and (25.7 ± 1.6) mV. Encapsulation efficiencies were (76.0 ± 2.2) % and (74.4 ± 2.0) %. Drug loading efficacies were (50.1 ± 2.1) % and (26.1 ± 1.0) %. Then the cellular uptake, uptake mechanism and transport efficacy of TMC NPs and C-TMC NPs were investigated using Caco-2 cell line. The uptake rate and accumulating drug transit dose of C-TMC NPs were 1.98 and 2.84 times higher than TMC NPs, separately. Mechanism investigations revealed that caveolae-mediated endocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis were involved in the intercellular uptake of both TMC NPs and C-TMC NPs. What is more, free cRGDyk could remarkably inhibit the uptake of C-TMC NPs.
Biological Transport ; Caco-2 Cells ; Caveolae ; Chitosan ; chemistry ; Clathrin ; Endocytosis ; Humans ; Integrin alphaVbeta3 ; chemistry ; Nanoparticles ; Particle Size ; Pinocytosis

This study investigated a nano drug delivery system built by one sort of modified trimethyl chitosan (TMC). The TMC was modified by cRGDyk, ligand of integrin receptor avβ3. Single factor screening was used to optimize the prescription in which the particle sizes of TMC nanoparticle (TMC NPs) and cRGDyk modified TMC nanoparticle (C-TMC NPs) were (240.3 ± 4.2) nm and (259.5 ± 3.3) nm. Electric potential of those two nanoparticles were (33.5 ± 0.8) mV and (25.7 ± 1.6) mV. Encapsulation efficiencies were (76.0 ± 2.2) % and (74.4 ± 2.0) %. Drug loading efficacies were (50.1 ± 2.1) % and (26.1 ± 1.0) %. Then the cellular uptake, uptake mechanism and transport efficacy of TMC NPs and C-TMC NPs were investigated using Caco-2 cell line. The uptake rate and accumulating drug transit dose of C-TMC NPs were 1.98 and 2.84 times higher than TMC NPs, separately. Mechanism investigations revealed that caveolae-mediated endocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis were involved in the intercellular uptake of both TMC NPs and C-TMC NPs. What is more, free cRGDyk could remarkably inhibit the uptake of C-TMC NPs.

Objective To describe a novel surgical technique for male long-segment urethral stric- ture after pelvic trauma using the intact and pedieled pendulous urethra to replace the bulbar and membra- nous urethra,and then reconstructing anterior urethra.Methods Three patients with long-segment post- traumatic bulbar and membranous urethral strictures with short left pendulous urethras who had undergone several failed previous surgeries were treated with staged pendulous-prostatic anastomotic urethroplasty fol- lowed by reconstruction of the anterior urethra.This procedure was divided into 3 stages.The first-stage sur- gery was mobilization of anterior urethra down to the coronary sulcus and then re-routing the prostatic urethra followed by pendulous-prostatic anastomotic urethroplasty with transposition of penis to perineum.The sec- ond-stage surgery was transecting the anterior urethra at the site of coronary sulcus 6 months later when it was re-vaseularized,then straightening the penis and performing urethroperineostomy.The third-stage surgery was reconstruction of anterior urethra 6 months later.Results Case 1 reported satisfactory voiding postopera- tively.Retrograde urethrography showed that the urethra was patent with no post-voiding residual urine (PVR),and bilateral vesicoureteral reflux almost disappeared.The Qmax was 18.8ml/s,and 18ml/s after the third stage surgery and at 2-year follow-up.Case 2 also had satisfactory voiding.A 22F urethral catheter could smoothly pass through the urethra,and Qmax was 19.5 ml/s with no PVR at 2-year follow-up.Case 3 underwent the first stage surgery through perineal and pubic routes.The urethrorectal and urethroperineal fis- tulas were excised and repaired simultaneously.After operation the fistulas healed,but the stenostomia resul- ting from wound infection needed further treatment.Conclusions This procedure is effective for men with complex long-segment post-traumatic bulbar and membranous urethral strictures,especially for those undergo- ing failed previous surgical treatment.

In producing transgenic livestock, selectable marker genes (SMGs) are usually used to screen transgenic cells from numerous normal cells. That results in SMGs integrating into the genome and transmitting to offspring. In fact, SMGs could dramatically affect gene regulation at integration sites and also make the safety evaluation of transgenic animals complicated. In order to determine the deletion time and methods in the process of producing transgenic goats, the feasibility of deleting SMGs was explored by Cre/LoxP before or after somatic cell cloning. In addition, we compared the efficiency of protein transduction with plasmids co-transduction. We could delete 43.9% SMGs after screening out the transgenic cell clones, but these cells could not be applied to somatic cells cloning because of serious aging after two gene modifications. The SMG-free cells suitable for nuclear transfer were accessible by using the cells of transgenic goats, but this approach was more time consuming. Finally, we found that the Cre plasmid could delete SMGs with an efficiency of 7.81%, but about 30% in SMG-free cells had sequences of Cre plasmid. Compared with Cre plasmid, the integration of new exogenous gene could be avoided by TAT-CRE protein transduction, and the deletion rate of TAT-CRE transduction was between 43.9 and 72.8%. Therefore, TAT-Cre transduction could be an effective method for deleting selectable marker genes.
Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; genetics ; Cloning, Organism ; veterinary ; Gene Knockout Techniques ; Gene Targeting ; methods ; Genes, Reporter ; Genetic Engineering ; Genetic Vectors ; genetics ; Goats ; genetics ; Integrases ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Recombination, Genetic ; Transgenes ; genetics

OBJECTIVE: To optimize the extraction technology of Bushen yangxue granules, and to provide reference for developing hospital preparations. METHODS: The orthogonal test was designed to optimize the extraction technology of Bushen yangxue granules using the comprehensive score including the content of hyperoside and total flavonoids, extract yield as evaluation indexes, water amount, extraction time and extraction times as factors. Verification test was also conducted. RESULTS: The extraction technology of Bushen yangxue granules was 10-fold water, extracting for 2 times and 1 hour each time. The results of verification test indicated that the contents of hyperoside and total flavonoids were 0. 154 mg/g (RSD=0. 010％, n=3) and 11. 094 mg/g (RSD=0. 008％, n=3). The average extract yield was 37. 76％ (RSD=0. 008％, n=3). CONCLUSIONS: The optimized extraction technology is stable and feasible, which can provide the basis for developing hospital preparations of Bushen yangxue granules.

Objective To describe the skeletal CT imaging manifestations in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex(TSC),and to analyze their diagnostic value so as to establish an adequate skeletal change imaging data for the diagnosis of TSC.Methods Thirteen patients fulfilling TSC diagnostic criteria were examined with CT of the brain (n=13)and abdomen (n=7).Examinations from January,2004 to July, 2006 were retrospectively analyzed.Results There were three forms of lesions being demonstrated on CT: (1)Multiple sclerosing nodule (n=13):numerous,ovoid and circular,homogeneous,small and well- defined loci and symmetrical lesions were revealed in all cases in the central marrow portion of the bones, which could mimic blastic metastases.Follow-up CT imaging showed no change in both size and number. The lesions measured approximately 2-10mm.(2)Local sclerosing bone dysplasia with little bone expansion (n=7).Symmetrical and irregular density in the radix of the posterior arch of the vertebral body (n = 5 ).(3 )The spherical periosteal proliferation demonstrating as a cortex double line sign (n=2 ),and cortical thickening of metatarsals (n = 3 ).The appearance of the skeletal manifestation was as that in adulthood.Conclusion CT imaging of the skeletal system in TSC has some characteristics,by which the diagnosis of TSC could be made if combined with other main clinical diagnostic criteria. We suggest that those particular findings can be added as primary diagnostic features in the clinical diagnosis of TSC.

The aim of this work was to investigate guar gum/ethylcellulose mix coated pellets for potential colon-specific drug delivery. The coated pellets, containing 5-fluorouracil as a model drug, were prepared in a fluidized bed coater by spraying the aqueous/ethanol dispersion mixture of guar gum and ethylcellulose. The lag time of drug release and release rate were adjustable by changing the ratio of guar gum to ethylcellulose and coat weight gain. In order to find the optimal coating formulation that was able to achieve drug targeting to the colon, the effect of two independent variables (the ratio of guar gum to ethylcellulose and the coat weight gain) on drug release characteristics was studied using 3 x 4 factorial design and response surface methodology. Results indicated that drug release rate decreased as the proportion of ethylcellulose in the hybrid coat and the coat weight gain increased. When the ratio of guar gum to ethylcellulose was kept in the range of 0.2 to 0.7, and the coat weight gain in the range of 250% to 500%, the coated pellets can keep intact for about 5 h in upper gastrointestine and achieve colon-specific drug delivery. The pellets prepared under optimal conditions resulted in delayed-release sigmoidal patterns with T(5%) (time for 5% drug release) of 5.1 - 7.8 h and T(90%) (time for 90% drug release) of 9.8 - 16.3 h. Further more, drug release was accelerated and T(90%) of the optimum formulation pellets decreased to 9.0 - 14.5 h in pH 6.5 phosphate buffer with hydrolase. It is concluded that mixed coating of guar gum and ethylcellulose is able to provide protection of the drug load in the upper gastrointestinal tract, while allowing enzymatic breakdown of the hybrid coat to release the drug load in the colon.
Cellulose ; administration & dosage ; analogs & derivatives ; Colon ; metabolism ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Fluorouracil ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Galactans ; administration & dosage ; Mannans ; administration & dosage ; Plant Gums ; administration & dosage