Background: Pediatric emergency at the inter-hospital transfer lines is a serious problem in the care and treatment of children. 24 hours mortality after admission rose higher than previously.\r\n', u'Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the 24 hours mortality and to analyze the causes of 24 hours mortality.\r\n', u'Subjects and methods: The study was carried out on 189 patients, who died during 24 hours after admission at Nghe An Pediatric hospital from July 2002 to June 2004.\r\n', u'Results: The results showed that the 24 hour mortality consisted of 77% of all deaths in the hospital. The neonatal mortality rate among the admitted patients was the highest. The most common causes of deaths were: respiratory and neurological diseases with 48% of the total (24% each) followed by injury (15%). Asphyxia/premature ranked third (9%). Surgical diseases consisted of 8.5% and infectious diseases contributed 6% of all deaths. \r\n', u'Conclusion: The interventions at hospital should prioritize the improvement of knowledge and skills on neurological, respiratory, trauma and surgical emergency care. The urgent need is also to train staff and to supply equipment for neonatal care. \r\n', u'
Mortality ; children

Background. Children comprise a significant proportion of persons with disabilities (PWDs) in the Philippines, and represent a major public health challenge. One under-explored topic is the "lived experiences" of their parents and guardians as well as the roles they play in caring for their children. This qualitative study responds to this research gap by eliciting and foregrounding their experiences and narratives.

Methods. Six focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted among parents of children with disabilities (CWDs) in Davao City and Tagum City. These were complemented by 12 key informant interviews among healthcare providers in both cities.

Results. For many parents, coming to terms with a disability is a difficult and lengthy process, but one that ends with a measure of relief and eventual adaptation. Living with disability, meanwhile, is fraught with medical, financial, educational, and social challenges. A positive religious outlook allows them to make sense of disability, helping them to overcome these challenges. Support groups and the health care system are likewise crucial factors towards family resilience.

Conclusion. Our findings show that the experience of disability is shared among family members, particularly, the parents of CWDs; thus, underscoring the need for a family-centered approach in policies, clinical care, and communications efforts involving children with disability in the Philippines.

Background: Deltoid fibrosis is part of a spectrum of fibrous conditions that affects both function and cosmetic surgery. Objectives: Describing anatopathology injury of fibrous deltoid muscle, and evaluating relationship between pathological anatomy and surgical technique. Subject and methods: A prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between pathological anatomy and surgical technique, which were performed from April 2006 to May 2007. The study included 279 children (102 female, 177 male); age range from 5 years old to 18 years old. Clinical examination, X-ray and ultrasound techniques were performed. Patients were operated with insertion or distal fibrous portion release. Results: The dimpling of the skin, the palpable fibrous band resolved completely in all of them. Subluxation of scapula - humeral joint in 62.4%, abducent angle more than 25 degrees in 81.3%; Adduction angle more than 15 degrees in 94.5%; and Hung NN angle less than 20 degrees in 96.4%. Droop of acromion in 74% and narrowing Scapulo - Humeral joint in 100%. Postoperative complication with dimpling of the skin or staircase like deformity and loss of the natural roundness of the lateral aspect of the shoulder in 33.5%. Conclusions: Pathological anatomy of fibrous deltoid muscle related surgical technique and postoperative complications. The big breadth and diameter of fibrous portion could create a dimpling of the skin or loss of the natural roundness of the lateral aspect of the shoulder.
deltoid fibrosis ; surgery ; children

The study was conducted in a mountainous district in the year 2000, mentioning the relationship between handicapped children and their parents' education and knowledge about the technical rehabilitation and their family's living standard. The result shows that 95% of parents are literacy, most of them (57.4%) have some level of secondary school. But 78.3% of them have not approached to the community-based rehabilitation (CBR). According to the study, 38.3% of 115 families are poorer than others in comparison with neighboring families. All of the parents practiced not well technical rehabilitation on CBR.
Disabled Children ; Education

Background: Mental retardation is a common pathological state in children, accounting for about 1 - 3%. Children with mental retardation should have a life of integrity and proper support. The discovery and assessment the children will help us to orient the education, assistance and early intervention for them at each location. Objectives: This study aimed at determining the prevalence of mental retardation (MR) among children in some quarters and communes of Hue city and the degrees of mental retardation in these children. Subjects and method: Screening by WHO questionnaire \u201cTen Question screen for disability\ufffd?and learning results (if possible) of children from 6 to under 16 years old in 5 quarters (urban) and 2 communes (rural) randomly selected in Hue. Diagnostics and evaluations are based on the criteria of ICD \ufffd?10. Results: The prevalence of MR in this study was 0.94% (95%CI = 0.82 \ufffd?1.07), 1.18% in rural area and 0.84% in urban area; 1.16% among boys and 0.70% among girls. Mild MR accounts for 62.67% moderate: 19.36%, severe: 11.52% and profound: 6.45%. Conclusion: The prevalence was statistically significant higher in rural area than in urban area and in boys than in girls. There were predominant percentages of severe and profound MR.
Mental Retardation/ epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Children ;

Background: Health insurance card dispensation and free-charge health care service for children under 6 years old is a great policy implemented by the Government of Viet Nam, but up to now there were little studies to evaluate this problem. Objectives: 1) To discover the situation of the health insurance card dispensation and free-charge health care service provided for children under 6 years of age at communal level. 2) To analyze the advantages/disadvantages and opportunities/challenges of these works to propose several measures for improvement. Subjects and method: The semi-quantity cross-sectional study was conducted at 3 provinces, which includes Bac Giang, Ha Noi and Quang Tri. One district was selected randomly from each province and 2 communes were selected from each district. Total of 6 communes were involved in the study. Results. Procedures for card dispensation and drug supply were complicated. The number of children under-6, that had no health insurance card was highest in Quang Tri (12.5%-26.2%), followed by Ha Noi (3.0%-4.3%). Some 15% of children had not visited the communal health centers for illness. The insurance-covered drug list in communal health centers has been limited to 36 kinds of drug, not enough for the proper treatment of diseases. Communal health centers in Quang Tri have a lack of doctors and essential equipment. The health insurance cards were not used in 44.7% of health facility visits of children under 6. Conclusion: The policy of free-charge health insurance for under 6 children can be strengthened by improvements in insurance card and drug dispensation procedures, increase the number of drugs in the insurance-covered drugs list, assign doctors to the communal level and strengthen the medical equipment for CHCs.
Health insurance ; Under-6 children

The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and causes of visually impairment among children below 4 years old in two public tertiary referral hospitals in Selangor, Malaysia. In this cross-sectional retrospective study, the case files of all children aged below 4 years from the ophthalmology clinics in two separate public hospitals in Selangor, Malaysia were analysed over a 5-year period. The definition of visual impairment was based on the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, i.e. moderate visual impairment: visual acuity <6/18 to 6/60 in the better eye; severe visual impairment: <6/60 to 3/60 in the better eye; and blindness: visual acuity <3/60 in the better eye. Prevalence of visual impairment was based on the presenting visual acuity and then differentiated according to the cause of visual impairment diagnosed. A total of 243 (17.38%) children from a total of 1,398 children were classified as visually impaired. Most of these children (n=119, 49.0%) exhibited moderate visual impairment, 26 (10.7%) had severe visual impairment, while 98 (40.3%) were blind. Refractive errors (n=60, 24.7%) were the most common cause of vision impairment, mostly myopes (n=28, 46.7 %). This was followed by strabismus (n=31, 12.8%) and retinopathy of prematurity (n=29, 11.9%). In conclusion, vision impairment was prevalent in children aged below 4 years old presenting to two ophthalmology clinics in a highly urbanised region in Malaysia. High refractive errors were the major cause of vision impairment seen. Our study highlights the need and utmost importance of an early intervention programme to be implemented for these children since the main cause of vision impairment found in this study is an easily treated problem.
visual impairment ; prevalence ; children ; blindness

960 pupils between 6 and 12 years old in An Giang province were divided into 4 groups and received different interventions such as fluoride rinse, teeth brushing + ddF rinse, ddF rinse + welding with GIC, and ddF rinse + teeth brushing + welding. These interventions were very effective in protection periodental diseases. Prevalence of good dental health pupils increased significantly. This is a condition to gain WHO’s goals at least 80% primary and secondary pupils receive long-term and stable oral healthcare through school-based dental program in 2010.
Dental Care for Children ; Periodontitis/prevention & control ; Pupil

As Malaysia races towards a developed nation status, children are increasingly being ferried daily in vehicles almost exclusively as the majority of the population are able to afford private transportations. This paper reviews the current safety concerns for children whilst going in vehicles on Malaysian roads and the steps undertaken to address the need to enhance children’s safety whilst going in these vehicles and suggest possible remedial action to counter the possible lack of awareness for children’s safety whilst in these vehicles. This paper focuses on children on motorcycles and private vehicles (cars, vans and multi-purpose vehicle (MPV)) and excludes other form of transport (buses, lorries) as this paper tries to put forth measures that can be undertaken by the children’s parents and guardian to better enhance the safety of their children. A search was undertaken of all the major database of articles. Articles related to children’s safety systems, children related injuries, children related accident data, available laws and legislation were reviewed to present the need for greater awareness of children’s safety while going in vehicles in Malaysia. There are currently already safety legislations, measures, steps and equipments in place in ensuring the safety of children whilst going in vehicles on Malaysian roads. However, enforcement of laws in developing countries are not easy and we have to start at the root of the problem which is the parents and adults who ferry these children in vehicles. There is a pressing need to educate parents and adults alike on the urgent undertaking of child safety whilst in vehicles. Engineering countermeasures and intervention are probably needed to protect these vulnerable users. For vehicles, a device capable of providing some sort of protection to the child whilst riding pillion should be designed and developed. A legislation mandating the use of child seats whilst ensuring the child seats are affordable to the masses.
Children ; safety ; vehicles ; Malaysia ; awareness ; protection

Paddy cultivation is one of the widely planted crop in Malaysia. The growth of agricultural activity leads to the use of Organophosphate pesticide to protect the crop. This study is to determine the relationship between the levels of blood cholinesterase with the performance of motor coordination of children living in paddy farming area in Tanjung Karang, Selangor. This cross sectional study was conducted among 683 children from four schools in an agricultural area. Majority of the children have at a family member worked as farmer and was involved with pesticides. A set of questionnaire on the was given to the children to be filled by their parents. To measure their exposure to pesticide, blood cholinesterase levels were measured. Blood samples were taken through finger prick technique and were then analysed using LOVIBOND 412870 AF287. The children were administered with motor-coordination performance test using WHO Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery and McCarthy Learning Ability Scale. Young group children (6-85 years) showed a mean score of 56.66 in motor-coordination test while older group children (10-11)= years) scored a mean of 45.37. There was a significant relationship between blood cholinesterase level and motor coordination performance among the young-group children (r=0.215, p<0.001) and the older-group children (r=0.106, p=0.049). Based on the Linear Regression test results, total household income of family, and mode of transport used were found to have significant relationship with blood cholinesterase level of children in both groups. In addition, blood cholinesterase level and mothers’ occupation were found to have significant relationship with the motor-coordination performance of all children.
Organophosphate ; children ; blood cholinesterase ; motor-coordination