BACKGROUND: Central oxytocin (OT) may be a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator and play an important role in learning and memory, sexual behaviour, pain modulation and opiate tolerance and dependence. To research the interactions between oxytocinergic and opioidergic system in hippocampus has some significance.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of OT administered intracerebroventricularly on evoked discharge of left dorsal hippocampal CA1 neurons in rats and the possible interactions between oxytocinergic and opioidergic system.DESIGN: A randomised controlled study.SETTING: Department of Physiology of Guangdong Medical College; Department of Physiology and Pathology of Medical College of Wuhan University.MATERIALS: The study was conducted in the Physiology Department of Medical College of Wuhan University from September 2002 to September 2003. A total of 36 male Sprague-Dawley rats were selected and randomly divided into six groups: control (NS), OT groups (0.2 mg/L, 2 mg/L and 20 mg/L), [d (CH2)5-OVT]+OT (2 mg/L), naloxone+OT (2 mg/L), with 6 rats in each group.METHODS: Single-unit recording was performed with glass microelectrode. The glass microelectrode was inserted by a micromanipulator into hippocampal CA1. The electrical activity was amplified by a microelectrode amplifier and then recorded by the biological experimental system,monitored at the same time with oscilloscope. When recording the neural discharge, electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerves was performed once 5minutes through a double stainless electrode. 5 μL oxytocin in dosage of 0.2, 2 and 20 mg/L were injected slowly into lateral ventricle via microlitre syringe. [d(CH2)5-OVT]+OT (2 mg/L) group: 2.5 μL [d(CH2)5-OVT](80 mg/L) was injected into lateral ventricle and then 2.5 μL oxytocin (2 mg/L). Naloxone+OT (2 mg/L) group: 2.5 μL naloxone (400 mg/L) was injected into lateral ventricle and then 2.5 μL oxytocin (2 mg/L). According to frequency of discharge, effect of oxytocin at various dosages on discharge induced by neurons in hippocampal CA1 area and [d (CH2)5-OVT]and naloxone on oxytocin was assayed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Changes of discharge frequency after stimulation.RESULTS: Data of totally 36 rats were entered the final analysis. ① OT (0.2 mg/L, 2 mg/L and 20 mg/L) administered by intracerebroventricularly could decrease the evoked discharge of hippocampal CA1 neurons in a dose-dependent manner. ② The inhibitory effects of OT (2 mg/L) could be blocked by pretreated intracerebroventricularly injection of [d (CH2)5-OVT](80 mg/L, 2.5 μL). ③ Intracerebroventricular injection of naloxone (400 mg/L, 2.5 μL) could attenuate the effects of OT (2 mg/L) significantly.CONCLUSION: OT can inhibit the electrical activities of hippocampal CA1 neurons to external electrical signal through activating the oxytocin receptor. Moreover, central opioid receptor is involving in the inhibitory effects of OT.

Objective To present one case of bronchial artery aneurysm successfully treated with endovascular interventional procedure and review literature. Methods A 67-year-old man was diagnosed with mediastinal bronchial artery aneurysm accompanied with tuberculous pleurisy by chest imaging. The aneurysm was treated via transcatheter bronchial artery embolization combined with endovascular stent-graft placement in the thoracic aorta under DSA guidance. Results Postprocedural angiography showed satisfactory exclusion of the aneurysm and no endolead. Conclusion Interventional therapeutic management of bronchial artery aneurysm is feasible and accurate.

The body is exposed to various organic anions,so it is the best way to remove the toxic substances in the body quickly and effectively.Cross epithelial active transport mediated by organic anion transporter is the rate limiting process.Renal secretion and re-absorption of a variety of endogenous and exogenous organic anions are occurred in the proximal tubular epithelial cells of the organic anion transporter family.The expression of organic anion transporter-1 (OAT1) in proximal tubular epithelial cells plays an important role in the introduction of organic anion into the renal tubular epithelial cells.This article reviewed the renal expression,the substrate and the polymorphism of the organic anion transport protein OAT1,the renal toxicity of adefovir dipivoxil,the interaction between organic anion transporters and drug,and the influence of the renal toxicity on the renal toxicity of adefovir dipivoxil.

Objective:To analyze the pay for performance related costs and provide suggestions for further stud-y. Methods:Empirical literatures from inside the country and overseas were collected with a systematic review. Costs were summarized on the basis of three drivers ( performance appraisal, performance improvement and incentive per-formance) . Results:A total of 141 papers, 47 in Chinese and 94 in English were enrolled. Most papers in Chinese were subjected on healthcare facilities while the English ones emphasized on hospitals. Pay for performance may lead to the healthcare service costs, regulation costs and the resources allocation related costs reduction. In addition to these visible costs, a large amount of others hidden from different hospital management levels were also due to pay for performance. Conclusions:(1) Differences in costs could be found from home and overseas experience which per-haps resulted from the pay for performance, the supporting measures and the policy development. (2) More attention should be paid to the quantification researches on the health facilities’ hidden costs. (3) Most available researches fo-cus on pay for performance cost-effectiveness from the society and service purchase but not the providers’ perspective and the hidden costs were also ignored.

Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetic mellitus,but its pathogenesis is still unclear.Adiponectin may restrain inflammatory reaction and reduce adhesion of vascular endothelial cell to influence diabetic microangiopathy.Relation between adiponectin and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)is less reported.Objective This study was to observe the effect of adiponectin on the expression of NOS in the retinas of diabetic rats.Methods Forty 8-10 weeks Sprague-Dawley (SD) female rats were collected.The rats were randomized into the normal control group (10 rats),adiponectin group (15 rats) and diabetic model control group (15 rats) using the random number table method.Tetraoxypyrimidine was intraperitoneally injected to establish the diabetic model in the rats of the adiponectin group and diabetic model control group,and 10 μg/kg of adiponectin was then injected into the rats of the adiponectin group.Western blot was used to detect the expression of the adiponectin protein in the rat retinas,and the expression of NOS in rat retina was located by immunochemistry.The use of the animals complied with the Regulations for the Administration of Affairs Concerning Experimental Animals by State Science and Technology Commission.Results The relative amount of adiponectin (adiponectin/β-actin)in the retinas was 0.85 ± 0.21,0.79 ± 0.17 and 0.42 ± 0.08,respectively,in the normal control group,adiponectin group and diabetic model control group,with significant differences among the 3 groups (F =4.236,P =0.000).The adiponectin/β-actin ratio in the retinas of the diabetic model control group was significantly declined in comparison with the normal control group and adiponectin group (q =6.615,P =0.000 ; q =6.026,P =0.000).The NOS levels (A value) in the retinas were 0.244 ± 0.035,0.262 ± 0.032 and 0.367 ± 0.066,respectively,in the normal control group,adiponectin group and diabetic model control group,showing a significant difference among them (F =3.752,P =0.001).The A value of NOS in the diabetic model control group was significantly increased in comparison with the normal control group and adiponectin group (q =3.488,P =0.002 ; q =3.079,P =0.005).NOS expression was localized to the inner nuclear layer and retinal ganglion cell layer.Conclusions Adiponectin reduces NO content in diabetic rat retinas by regulating NOS expression.

Objective To analyze the best methods for diagnostic scanning and image processing of multi-slice spiral CT (MSCT) in the detection of renal malformations (RM). Methods From June 2008 to Februany 2012, one hundred and four patients with kidney malformation received 64-slice MSCT assay were enrolled in our Hospital. Related materials of the patients were used for retrospective analysis. Diagnostic accuracy of urinary malformation were calculated on the image of axial and MPR, Curve, MIP, VR by MSCT unenhangced scanning, enhangced cortical phase scanning, enhangced parenchymal phase scanning and enhangced excretory phase scanning. Results One hundred and four patients with kidney abnormalities received the MSCT unhangced scan axial and MPR, Curve film, enhangced cortical phase scanning, enhangced parenchymal phase scanning, enhangced excretory phase scanning and MPR, MIP, VR film, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy were as follws: renal dysplasia (72.73%, 81.82%, 81.82%, 72.73%), renal hypoplasia (83.33%, 91.67%, 95.83%, 100%), solitary kidney (100%, 100%, 100%, 100%), ectopic kidney (76.92%, 100%, 100%, 100%), horseshoe kidney (100%, 100%, 100%, 100%),misplaced renal lobe (0%,100%). Conclusion The MSCT with image post-processing techniques in the diagnosis of RM has its unique advantages, MSCT can be preferred as a method for renal malformation examination.

Objective To observe the influence of spine kyphotic deformity on postmenopausal osteoporosis patients' pulmonary function and physical activity,and then provide a guide for the rehabilitation training of patients with osteoporosis and a kyphotic spine.Methods Sixty postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were recruited from the osteoporosis outpatients of the Third Hospital of Peking University.Half of them suffered from spine kyphosis (the spine kyphosis group) and the other half did not (the non-spine kyphosis group).There was no significant difference in the average ages and body mass indexes of the two groups.The research applied Cobb's angle and wall-occiput distance (WOD) to assess kyphosis severity,a visual analogue scale (VAS) to evaluate the patient's pain level,plus pulmonary function assessments and thoracic expansion assessments in both groups simultaneously,and the 6-minute walking test (6-MWT) to assess the patients' physical activity.Results The spine kyphosis group said they experienced significantly more pain than the non-kyphosis group,and they had worse pulmonary function and poorer physical activity.These differences were statistically significant.Pulmonary function was significantly correlated with the severity of spine kyphosis,back ache,thoracic expansion as well as physical activity.Conclusion Spine kyphosis deformity can aggravate back ache among postmenopausal osteoporosis patients,and affect their pulmonary function and physical activity.When planning clinical exercise training for such patients,physicians should pay attention to respiratory function training so as to improve the patients' pulmonary function,physical activity and endurance as much as possible,and thus improve their quality of life.

0.05).Conclusion The peaked tympanogram of 1 000 Hz probe tone tympanometry in infants indicates normal results while flat tympanograms and other irregular shapes are abnormal.The middle ear functions are affected with flat tympanograms.The 1 000 Hz probe tone tympanometry is a valuable diagnostic tool to evaluate the middle ear functions in infants while 226 Hz probe tone tympanometry is considered inappropriate for infants.The 1000Hz tympanometry is more sensitive than ABR Wave Ⅰlatency and DPOAE responses.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a new kind of natural biological nano-materials which displays unique physical, chemical and mechanical properties. It has high bioactivity, good biocompatibility, and biodegradability. BC fiber has a nanoporous structure and certain nano-pore size distribution, and a large number of nanopores can be used as a "template". BC can be used as a template to synthesize nano-composite materials with three-dimensional network structure through biomimetic synthesis. BC can also be used as a template to stabilize and disperse the polymers which are easily assembled into a cluster or bundle in the ultra-fine fiber network structure. The BC template could be removed in order to change or optimize the properties of the composite material. The process can make use of the synergy between the BC template and inorganic materials to make a new type of hollow molecular sieve. It can synthesize a variety of nanoscale metal oxides with the hollow network. The present study of template svnthesis based on BC is introduced in this paper.