PURPOSE: Proteins encoded by bcl-2 family as regulators of apoptosis appear to have significant cellular effects such that when abnormally expressed, they may render certain cells more susceptible to aberrant proliferation. The ratio of anti-apoptotic to pro-apoptotic bcl-2 family proteins appears to control the relative sensitivity or resistance of cells to apoptotic stimuli. The primary goal of this study is to determine the expression pattern of bcl-2 and bax in prostate carcinoma and to correlate them with Gleason score, T stage, and PSA to determine their prognostic potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined the cellular expression of bcl-2 and bax proteins using immunohistochemical metod in a total 35 patients with untreated prostatic carcinoma. All tissues were scored for overall tissue expression as follows: bcl-2(0,<1%; 1+, 1-25%; 2+, 26-50%; 3+, >50%), bax(1+,<50%; 2+, 51-75%; 3+, >75%). RESULTS: Of the 35 cases, 16(45.7%) contained at least 1% bcl-2 positive tumor cells. The bcl-2 positive cases included 1(7.7%) Gleason 2 to 4 grade tumors, 8(66.7%) Gleason 5 to 7 tumors, 7(70.0%) Gleason 8 to 10 tumors. bcl-2 protein expressed more frequently in higher grade(p<0.05) and in higher PSA level(p<0.05) of tumors. bax immunostaining was positive for all 35(100%) and 1+ was 16(45.7%), 2+ was 14(40.0%), 3+ was 5(14.3%). But statistically significant differences in bax expression among grade, T stage, and PSA were not observed. The bcl-2 protein was present mainly in the basal cells, but bax was in both basal and secretory cells of prostate. CONCLUSIONS: bcl-2 protein have some potential role in progression of prostate carcinoma. Therefore, studies that evaluate the expression of these bcl-2 family genes in varoius time during progression of tumors correlate with the state of hormone dependency, response to therapy and duration of response are needed.
Apoptosis ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; Humans ; Neoplasm Grading ; Prostate*

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between p53, bcl-2 and bax protein expressions and clinical response to radiation therapy in patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma and possibility of using them as an useful marker for sensitivity of radiation therapy. METHODS: This study included 30 patients with locally advanced cervical squamous cell carcinoma (stage IIb and III). The specimens were obtained from cervical squamous cell carcinoma before radiation therapy by colposcopic directed biopsy and processed for immunohistochemical staining against p53, bcl-2 and bax. RESULTS: 1. P53 was more expressed in nonresponders than responders to radiation therapy, but it was not statistically significantly different (p=0.43). 2. Bcl-2 was significantly more expressed in nonresponders than responders to radiation therapy (p=0.001). 3. Bax was significantly more expressed in responders than nonresponders to radiation therapy (p=0.04). CONCLUSION: Expression of bcl-2 and bax are correlated with the clinical response to radiation therapy and would be considered as an useful marker for sensitivity of radiation therapy. However, it is necessary to further evaluate p53.
bcl-2-Associated X Protein* ; Biopsy ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Humans

To explore the effect of connexin 43 (Cx43) silence on the apoptosis in mouse chondrocyte under mechanical stress.
 Methods: Mouse chondrocyte ATDC5 cells were divided into a control group, a mechanical stress group, a Cx43 siRNA transfection group, a scramble siRNA transfection group, a mechanical stress+scramble group, and a mechanical stress+siCx43 group. Flexcell FX-5000 system was used to produce mechanical stress on ATDC5 cells cultured in vitro. The mRNA and protein level of Cx43 was detected by quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot. The cell activity and cell apoptosis was detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) method and flow cytometry, respectively. Caspase-3 activity was detected by colorimetric assay. The protein expression of Bcl-2, Bax, p-JNK and JNK was detected by Western blot.
 Results: Mechanical stress upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of Cx43 (both P<0.05). Transfection of Cx43 siRNA significantly decreased Cx43 mRNA and protein level (both P<0.05). After stimulation with mechanical stress, chondrocyte viability was significantly decreased, whereas cell apoptosis and caspase-3 activity were increased (both P<0.05). Mechanical stress obviously upregulated Bax protein level, and downregulated Bcl-2 protein expression and Bcl-2/Bax (both P<0.05). Cx43 siRNA transfection significantly increased cell viability, inhibited cell apoptosis and caspase-3 activity (both P<0.05). Cx43 siRNA also inhibited Bax expression, and increased the Bcl-2 protein expression and Bcl-2/Bax (both P<0.05). Furthermore, Cx43 siRNA significantly suppressed the p-JNK expression induced by mechanical stress (P<0.05).
 Conclusion: Cx43 silence inhibits mechanical stress-induced apoptosis in chondrocyte, which might be mediated by JNK signaling pathway.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Chondrocytes ; Connexin 43 ; Mice ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; Stress, Mechanical ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein

OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of acupuncture plus medication on treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: Sixty adult SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group, a sham operation group, a model group, an electroacupuncture (EA) group, a gastrodin group and an EA+gastrodin group, 10 rats in each one. The rat model of AD was established by intraperitoneal injection of D-galactose and bilateral hippocampal injection of Aβ1-40. Two weeks after modeling, the rats in the EA group and EA+gastrodin group were treated with EA at "Baihui" (GV 20) "Dazhui" (GV 14) and bilateral "Zusanli" (ST 36), 30 min per treatment, once a day for consecutive 4 weeks. The rats in the gastrodin group and EA+gastrodin group were treated with intraperitoneal injection of gastrodin, once a day for consecutive 4 weeks. The rats in the normal group, model group and sham operation group were not treated. The morphology of hippocampal neurons was observed by using HE staining. The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in the hippocampal CA1 area was detected by using immunohistochemical method. The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax protein in hippocampus was detected by using Western blot. RESULTS: The HE staining results showed the arrangement of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area was regular in the normal group and the sham operation group, and the cytoplasm and nucleus were clearly visible. The neurons in the model group were severely damaged; the cell arrangement was not close, and the cell morphology was incomplete. Compared with the model group, the cell morphology of each intervention group was significantly improved. The immunohistochemistry results showed that, compared with the normal group and the sham operation group, the expression of Bcl-2 in the hippocampal CA1 region in the model group was decreased (<0.05), but the expression of Bax was enhanced (<0.05); compared with the model group, the expression of Bcl-2 was increased (all <0.05) and the expression of Bax was decreased (all <0.05) in all intervention group; compared with the EA group or the gastrodin group, the expression of Bcl-2 was enhanced (<0.05) and the expression of Bax was decreased (<0.05) in the EA+gastrodin group. The result of Western blot method was consistent with that of immunohistochemistry method. CONCLUSION EA and gastrodin could significantly inhibit the expression of Bax and up-regulate the expression of Bcl-2, and the combination of EA and gastrodin has the most significant effect. This indicates that EA combined with gastrodin has synergistic effect on inhibiting the apoptosis of neurons in hippocampus in AD rats, which may be one of the mechanisms of EA plus medication on AD lesions.
Alzheimer Disease ; Animals ; Electroacupuncture ; Hippocampus ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect and underlying mechanism of hispidulin on the proliferation and apoptosis of leukemia K562 cells. METHODS: K562 cells were cultured in vitro and treated with 0, 5, 25 or 100 μmol/L hispidulin for 24 h. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by CCK-8 and flow cytometry, respectively. Western blot was used to assess the expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and interleukin (IL)-37 proteins. Bone marrow mononuclear cells were extracted from 17 chronic myeloid leukemia patients and 21 healthy individuals by Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient method, and the expression of IL-37 protein was measured by Western blot. K562 cells with IL-37 overexpression or knockdown were constructed, and then treated with 0 or 100 μmol/L hispidulin for 24 h. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and protein expression of Bax and Bcl-2 were determined in the same way as above. RESULTS: After K562 cells were treated with hispidulin, the cell inhibition rate, apoptosis rate, and the protein expression of Bax and IL-37 were significantly increased (P <0.05), but the cell proliferation and expression of Bcl-2 protein were decreased (P <0.05). The expression of IL-37 protein in bone marrow mononuclear cells of the leukemia patient was 0.24±0.03, which was significantly lower than 0.91±0.05 of healthy controls (P <0.05). Overexpression of IL-37 significantly promoted inhibition rate, apoptosis rate, and expression of Bax protein in K562 cells (P <0.05), but suppressed the expression of Bcl-2 protein (P <0.05). In addition, knockdown of IL-37 could reverse the effects of hispidulin on proliferation and apoptosis of K562 cells. CONCLUSION Hispidulin inhibits the proliferation and induces apoptosis of leukemia K562 cells, which may be related to the up-regulation of IL-37 protein in cells.
Humans ; K562 Cells ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein/pharmacology* ; Apoptosis ; Leukemia ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; Cell Proliferation

This study aims to explore the effect and mechanism of Danggui Buxue Decoction(DBD)-containing serum in alleviating the H9c2 cell injury caused by the exposure to intermittent low oxygen. H9c2 cells were assigned into five groups: control(CON) group, intermittent low oxygen(IH) group, intermittent low oxygen plus DBD-containing serum(IH+DBD) group, intermittent low oxygen plus the autophagy enhancer rapamycin(IH+RAPA) group, and intermittent low oxygen plus DBD-containing serum and the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine(IH+DBD+3-MA) group. Monodansylcadaverine(MDC) staining was employed to detect the changes of autophagosomes. Cell counting kit-8(CCK-8) assay was employed to determine the activity of myocardial cells, and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) and creatine kinase(CK) kits were used to measure the LDH and CK levels in the cell culture, which would reflect the degree of cell damage. TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling(TUNEL) staining was used to detect the apoptosis of myocardial cells, and JC-1 fluorescence probe to detect the changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. Western blot was employed to determine the expression levels of the autophagy-related proteins microtubule-associated proteins light chain 3Ⅱ(LC3Ⅱ), microtubule-associated proteins light chain 3Ⅰ(LC3Ⅰ), P62, Parkin and apoptosis related proteins pro caspase-3, caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X(Bax). The results showed that compared with the CON group, the IH group showed decreased fluorescence intensity of MDC staining, decreased LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ ratio, down-regulated Parkin expression, and up-regulated expression of P62. In addition, the IH group showed decreased cell survival rate, increased content of LDH and CK in the culture medium, increased number of TUNEL positive cells, and decreased pro caspase-3/caspase-3 and Bcl-2/Bax ratios and mitochondrial membrane potential. Compared with the IH group, the IH+DBD and IH+RAPA groups showed increased fluorescence intensity of MDC staining, increased LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ ratio, up-regulated Parkin expression, and down-regulated P62 expression. In addition, the two groups showed increased cell survival rate, reduced content of LDH and CK in the culture medium, decreased number of TUNEL positive cells, and increased pro caspase-3/caspase-3 and Bcl-2/Bax ratios and mitochondrial membrane potential. The IH+DBD+3-MA and IH groups showed no significant differences in the above indicators. Compared with the IH+DBD group, the IH+DBD+3-MA group showed decreased fluorescence intensity of MDC staining, decreased LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ ratio, down-regulated Parkin expression, and up-regulated P62 expression. In addition, the group had decreased cell survival rate, increased content of LDH and CK in the culture medium, increased number of TUNEL positive cells, decreased pro caspase-3/caspase-3 and Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and declined mitochon-drial membrane potential. To sum up, DBD could promote the mitophagy, inhibit the apoptosis, and alleviated the injury of H9c2 cells exposed to low oxygen.
Oxygen ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism* ; Caspase 3/genetics* ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism* ; Apoptosis ; Autophagy ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins

Caspase independent cell death (CICD) is defined as death that ensues when a signal that normally induces apoptosis fails to activate caspases,it can be activated by PARP-1, Calpains, Bax and AIF, possessing distinctive biologic characteristic differed from apoptosis and necrosis. Recent researchs have found that the molecular mechanisms governing CICD of K562 is opposite from that of the traditional medicine killing leukemia cells, which may have the potential pharmaceutical point for new drugs. This article reviews the newly acquaintance of molecular mechanisms for CICD and recent studies concerning the induction death of K562 cells via CICD, so as to provide some reference for the research of new drug point.
Apoptosis ; Calpain ; Caspases ; Humans ; K562 Cells ; Necrosis ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein

Genes, Reporter ; Genetic Vectors ; Luciferases ; genetics ; Transcription, Genetic ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; genetics

This study aimed to explore the mechanism of albiflorin in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease(AD) based on network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro experiments. Network pharmacology was used to predict the potential targets and pathways of albiflorin against AD, and molecular docking technology was used to verify the binding affinity of albiflorin to key target proteins. Finally, the AD cell model was induced by Aβ_(25-35) in rat pheochromocytoma(PC12) cells and intervened by albiflorin to validate core targets and pathways. The results of network pharmacological analysis showed that albiflorin acted on key targets such as mitogen-activated protein kinase-1(MAPK1 or ERK2), albumin(ALB), epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR), caspase-3(CASP3), and sodium-dependent serotonin transporter(SLC6A4), and signaling pathways such as MAPK, cAMP, and cGMP-PKG. The results of molecular docking showed that albiflorin had strong binding affinity to MAPK1(ERK2). In vitro experiments showed that compared with the blank group, the model group showed decreased cell viability, decreased expression level of B-cell lymphoma 2(Bcl-2), increased Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax), and reduced phosphorylation level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2(ERK1/2) and the relative expression ratio of p-ERK1/2 to ERK1/2. Compared with the model group, the albiflorin group showed potentiated cell viability, up-regulated expression of Bcl-2, down-regulated Bax, and increased phosphorylation level of ERK1/2 and the relative expression ratio of p-ERK1/2 to ERK1/2. These results suggest that the mechanism of albiflorin against AD may be related to its activation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway and its inhibition of neuronal apoptosis.
Animals ; Rats ; Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy* ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; Network Pharmacology ; Molecular Docking Simulation

This work describes the pharmacological inhibition by KR 31378 and its acetyl metabolite, KR 31612, of the apoptotic cell death induced by H2O2 in the A7r5 cells. Exposure of A7r5 cells to H2O2 (0.5 mM) induced a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in association with oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation. H2O2-induced cell death was potently suppressed by KR 31378, KR 31612, alpha-tocopherol or trolox. Additionally, the apoptotic death of A7r5 cells (DNA ladders on electrophoresis) was also strongly suppressed by KR 31378 and KR 31612, but to a less degree by alpha-tocopherol and trolox. As a mechanistic study, incubation with H2O2 markedly showed a decreased Bcl-2 level and, in contrast, increased Bax protein and cytochrome C release, which were significantly and concentration-dependently reversed by KR 31378 and KR 31612 as well as by alpha-tocopherol and trolox. KR 31378 and alpha-tocopherol significantly reduced lipid peroxidation in accordance with reduced intracellular ROS and peroxyl radical. These results suggest that KR 31378 has a therapeutic potential against the apoptotic injury via mediation of antioxidative stress.
alpha-Tocopherol ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; Cell Death ; Cytochromes c ; DNA Fragmentation ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Negotiating