Each PDE have isogenies (PDE 4A, PDE 4B, PDE 4C, and PDE 4D), which had different level in tissues. A cell can contain one or more DPE type. When agent (or drug) specifically and inhibited isoenzym, it will have specific effect on proteinkinase. The PDE4 and PDE3/4 compound inhibitive drugs have effects at the same time to relax trachea and anti-inflammatory. Viagra is PDE5 selective inhibitor, more important than PDE 2-3-4 with 1000 times, PDE 1 with 80 times, PDE 6 and PDE 7 with 10 times. This agent have many in vessels and cavernosum corpus. It plays role of break dow GMPv, but it depends on NO.
Pharmaceutical Preparations ; antagonists & inhibitors

No abstract available.
Antitussive Agents* ; Expectorants* ; Histamine Antagonists*

Histamine H1 Antagonists ; pharmacology ; Humans

This study was undertaken to observe the effects of centrally administred antihistamines on the blood pressure. Diphenhydramine(DPH), a H1-receptor antagonist, and ranitidine(RAN), a H2-receptor antagonist were administered intracerebroventricularly(icv) on urethane-anesthetized rabbits. 1) Both DPH and RAN administered intraccebroventricularly increased blood pressure, however the intravenous(iv) adminstration of them did not affect blood pressure. The pressor response to icv DPH was dose-dependent, but that to icv RAN was not. 2) The pressor response to icv DPH(1mg) was either markedly attenuated or reversed to depressor response by the pretreatment with icv phentolamine(250,500ug), and iv chlorisondamine(0.1, 1mg/Kg) and iv phenoxybenzamine(1mg/Kg). In cord-sectioned rabbtis, icv RAN) 1mg) did not produce pressor response. 3) The pressor responsr to icv RAN(1mg) was not affected by the pretreatment with icv phentolamine(500ug), iv chlorisondamin(1mg/Kg) and iv phenoxybenzamine(1mg/Kg), and iv phenoxybenzamine(1mg/Kg). RAN also producted pressor response in cordsectioned rabbits. These results suggest that the pressor response to icv DPH is elecited by increasing peripheral sympathetic tone via the stimulation of central alpha-adrenoreceptors and the pressor response to icv RAN is produced by releasing some humoral facotr which can increase blood pressure.
Blood Pressure ; Diphenhydramine* ; Histamine Antagonists ; Rabbits* ; Ranitidine*

AMD3100 (Plerixafor) is an antagonist of CXCR4, receptor for stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1).It disrupts binding of SDF-1 to CXCR4 by competing binding site, thus blocking the physiological function of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis. SDF-1/CXCR4 axis has been shown to play critical roles in stem cell mobilization, migration and homing, and in immunoregulation, inflammatory disease, autoimmune disorder, embryonic development, and tumor cell proliferation, migration and location. AMD3100 has been confined effective for the mobilization of HSC and MSC, inhibition of carcinoma growth and metastasis, suppression of some inflammatory and autoimmune disorder. Therefore, further research on AMD3100 will be helpful to understand the effects of bone marrow microenvironment on the pathogenesis of neoplasm, and to restore the traumatic tissues by mobilizing HSC effectively, that might provide a new idea and measure for the treatment of certain neoplasms. Some research progress of basic research and application on AMD3100 are summarized in this review.
Heterocyclic Compounds ; pharmacology ; Receptors, CXCR4 ; antagonists & inhibitors

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Humans

PURPOSE: We studied the voiding dysfunction after surgical treatment of female stress urinary incontinence and diagnosis and treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three hundred women with stress urinary incontinence underwent surgical procedure between January 1998 and December 2004. Ninety two patients(30.6%) experienced the postoperative voiding dysfunction. As the primary procedure for the management of postoperative voiding dysfunction alpha-blockers medication and clean intermittent catheterization(CIC) were performed. Then, hegar dilation and urethral pull-down procedure were performed as a secondary measure. For the patients who showed persistent obstructed symptoms, cutting of mesh or sling materials were performed. RESULTS: In 57 patients, symptoms improved by alpha-blockers medication and CIC. The others were received hegar dilation and urethral pull-down procedure, and 29 patients were improved. 6 patients were not controlled by conservative treatment, of which 3 patients underwent cutting of mesh or sling. De novo urgency was developed in 12 patients. Anticholinergics were taken, symptoms were diminished in 10 patients after 5 months of medication. CONCLUSION: Most voiding dysfunction after surgery may be effectively managed by conservative treatment. In cases of failure, hegar dilation and urethral pull-down procedure may be useful within postoperative first weak. Finally, cutting of mesh or sling must be considered in patient whose the secondary measure is failed.
Cholinergic Antagonists ; Diagnosis ; Female* ; Humans ; Urinary Incontinence*

PURPOSE: Medical therapy with an alpha-blocker is commonly used primarily in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). However, the efficacy of the alpha-blocker is still questionable in reference to a small prostate, with the size of 30g or less. We reviewed 117 patients who had been taken the alpha-blocker for the management of BPH, and the results were analyzed according to the prostatic size. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred seventeen patients were divided into the two following groups: Group I consisted of 57 patients with a BPH of under 30g and Group II consisted of 60 patients with a BPH of over 30g. Both groups were evaluated for the international prostate symptom score, urine flow rate, and residual urine volume before and 3 months after receiving medical therapy with tamsulosin. RESULTS: The success rate after medical therapy was similar in both groups, and all components were significantly improved after 3 months. The improvement rate of the urine flow rate was more significant in group II than group I. CONCLUSIONS: According to several objective results and the preference of patients for this treatment, medical therapy with the alpha-blocker could be also available in patients with BPH of under 30g.
Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists ; Humans ; Prostate ; Prostatic Hyperplasia*

No abstract available.
Korea* ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Purinergic P2Y Receptor Antagonists*

Numerous drugs are known to cause seizures with therapeutic use or overdose. However, the relative frequency of such complications has rarely been studied, and little is known about the relationship of drug-induced seizures to eventual medical outcome. This study was performed to determine the causes and consequences of seizure associated with poisoning and drug intoxication. We analyzed about 786 cases of drug intoxication visited to Chung-Ang Gil hospital during recent 4 years from Jan. 1993 to Dec. 1996. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The total number of cases of drug intoxication was 786 and the most common drug of intoxication was antihistamines(291 cases, 36.3%); insecticides(113 cases, 14.7%); caustics(90 cases, 11.8%); herbicides(47 cases, 6.1%); NSAID(38 cases, 4.9%); rodenticides(36 cases, 4.6%); acetaminophens(34 cases, 4.4%); anticonvulsants(18 cses, 2.3%); neuroleptics(13 cases, 1.6%); hydrocarbons(9 cases, 1.2%); sympathomimetics(8 cases, 1.0%). 2. The leading causes of seizures were antihistamines(12 cases, 42.8%); insecticides(7 cases, 25.0%); sympathomimetics(3cases, 10.7%); neuroleptics(2 cases, 7.2%); others(4 cases, 14.3%). 3. Seizures associated with antihistamines were generally brief(11 cases, 92.0%) and uncomplicated(3 cases, 25.0%). 4. Seizures incidence by drug intoxication was relatively high in sympathomimetics(3 cases, 35.7%); and neuroleptics(2 cases, 15.4%). 5. Poisoning associated with seizure had relatively high risk compared with non seizure poisoning for medical complication.
Drug Overdose* ; Histamine Antagonists ; Incidence ; Poisoning* ; Seizures*