Objective To evaluate the impact of 1125 seeds para-tracheal braehytherapy on regional tissue injury in rab-bit models. Methods 42 rabbits were randomized into 7 groups. Group 1 to 6 belong to study groups (in which 1,4,5 and 6 belong to "dose gradient" subgroup, while 2,3 and 4 to "chronologic" subgroup) , while the last group acts as negative con-trol. The activity of seeds in study group were 0.3 mCi in group 1, 0.5 mCi in group 2 to 5, 0.7 mCi in group 5, and 0.9mCi in group 6. False seeds (0 mCi) were used for the negative control. 4 seeds with equal dosage were implanted between trachea and esophagus in each rabbit under general anesthesia. Seeds arrangement was made according to Paris principle. For the tissue injury evaluation, group 2 was sacrificed by the end of first month post-operatively, group 3 at the end of the second month, and group 4 end of the third month. The rest of rabbits were also sacrificed at the end of the third month. Pieces of adjacent e-sophagus and trachea were sampled from each rabbit. Tissue injury features such as inflammation, edema, congestion or fibrosis as evaluated histologically. Results All rabbits were healthy during study period except 5. Histological analysis revealed that trachea samples from all groups had lymphocytas and plasma cells infiltration as signs of chronic inflammation, hut fibrosis was nut clearly visible. There were no differences between study and control groups with respect to inflammation, edema and con-gestion scores. But in groups which received the highest doses of radiation or sacrificed at 60 d showed more eosinophil infiltra-tion and epithelum degeneration, and statistical significance was reached between these groups and control. Esophageal samples had less histological changes compared with trachea. Conclusion Para-tracheal implantation of ~(125)Ⅰ seeds with therapeutic or higher dosage only induce minor and reversible damage to the regional tissue. This implies that ~(125)Ⅰ implants adjacent to trachea or esophagus are clinically safe.

Objective To summarize and analyze the clinical features of familial spontaneous pneumothorax.Methods During April 2001 to March 2013,the clinical data of 65 familial spontaneous pneumothorax from 21 families were retrospected and summarized.Contrasting with previous literature,the clinical features of familial spontaneous pneumothorax were analyzed.Results Patients in one family vary from 2 to 6,average 3.1.Families in which patients distribute in one generation,two generations and three generations were 19.0％,61.9％ and 19.0％ respectively.Male/female ratio of patients was.Mean onset age was 36.2 ± 12.2 ; Body mass index (BMI) of male and female patients were 24.0 ± 2.6 and 22.6 ± 3.0.32.7％ patients suffered bilateral pneumothorax.The recurrence rate after non-operative treatment was 50.0％.Conclusion Compared with sporadic spontaneous pneumothorax,Familial spontaneous pneumothorax has the following features:The incidence in man and woman was more similar; The onset age was older; Lanky body is less common; More were bilateral pneumothorax; Multiple pulmonary bullae are more common; Patients with non-surgical treatment have a higher recurrence rate.

Objective To evaluate the value of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) for CT-positive mediastinal lymph nodes. Methods From September 2009 to December 2009, 28 patients with confirmed or suspected non-small-cell lung cancer with CT scan demonstrating enlarged ( ≥ 1 cm) mediastinal lymph nodes underwent EBUS-TBNA. The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were evaluated. Results 28 patients with 40 lymph nodes were studied. 27 patients had been performed successfully with enough specimens. No complications happened in the group. Mediastinal metastases were confirmed by EBUS-TBNA in 20 patients. 8 patients with benign mediastinal nodes as detected by EBUS-TBNA underwent surgery and mediastinal lymph node dissection, which confirmed N2 disease in 2 patients. Overall diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of EBUS-TBNA in the detection of mediastinal metastasis were 92.9%, 90.9%,100%, 100%, 75% respectively. Conclusion EBUS-TBNA is a safe and effective technique for CT-positive mediastinal lymph nodes on CT scan.

Objective To improve our understanding of localized Castleman's disease ( Localized Castleman's disease, LCD) ,and to improve its diagnosis and treatment. Methods Clinical characteristics and treatment of 26 LCD cases were retrospectively analyzed, and its clinical features and treatment strategies were reviewed. Results Among the 26 cases, there were 10 cases with clinical symptoms, which mainly showed local pain induced by the compression of the tumors, and 3 in the 10 cases associated with paraneoplastic pemphigus. The swollen lymph node was at a localized area, which was mostly at retroperitoneal (10 cases) and mediastinum (7 cases). The CT scan of LCD had its special characters including local calcification and necrosis. 22 cases were of hyaline vascular type, and the other 4 cases were of plasma type based on histopathologic examination. Twenty-five patients received complete tumor resection and 2 cases of them recurred after a follow-up of 5 to 206 months averaging at 48 ± 13 months. In one case the tumor adjoining vital organs deep in the mediastinum couldn't be completely resected. This patient and another with complete tumor resection recurred and received combined chemotherapy with complete tumor disappearance and were all alive without recurrence as found by follow up to May, 2010. The other patient with recurrent tumor after tumor resection didn't receive chemotherapy and died 11 years later. Conclusions LCD patients mainly have isolated lymphadenectasis, and some patients may have systemic symptom and show abnormal laboratory results. CT scan is helpful in establishing a diagnosis of LCD.Complete surgical resection offers a favorite result for this disease.

Clinical features and related information on diagnosis and treatment of 45 cases of Castleman's disease (CD) were retrospectively analyzed.Based on the clinical classification, localized CD (LCD) was found in 26 cases, multicentric CD (MCD) was found in 19 cases.Most cases of LCD presented the symptoms of compression, while MCD had complicated and non-specific clinical manifestations, making the early diagnosis more difficult.All 26 cases with LCD underwent surgery, among which only 2 cases relapsed.Sixteen out of 19 patients with MCD were treated with glucocorticoids or combined chemotherapy, and 14 cases achieved complete or partial remission.The results show that patients with CD have variant manifestation and the diagnosis depend on CT scan or histopathology examination.Most LCD can be cured by complete surgical resection, and MCD can achieve remission by the treatment with glucocorticoids or combined chemotherapy.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of lobectomy by completely Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (cVATS) in the management of bronchiectasis.Methods Between June 2001 and October 2010,a total of 60 major lobectomies were performed in our single center on 32 female and 28 male patients of bronchiectasis,with a mean age of 43.4( range 17 to 69)years.All lobectomies were carried out anatomically and divided into thoracotomy group and cVATS group.Pulmonary vessels and bronchus were dissected by endo-cutters.Conversion to a thoracotomy took place if severe adhesion or bleeding was encountered.Results The operations included 5 lobectomies of right upper lobe,3 of middle lobe,6 of right lowerlobe,3 of left upper lobe,26 of left lower lobe,10 of left lower lobe plus lingular segment,4 of left pneumonectomy,1 of bi-lobectomy,1 of right middle lobe plus wedge resection of lower lobe and 1 of left lower lobe plus right middle lobe.There were 25 patients in the thoracotomy group and 35 patients in the cVATS group,in which 2 operations (5.7％) converted due to severe adhesion,poor differentiation of the fissure and/or the proliferation of tortuous vessels at hilus In thoracotomy and cVATS groups,the operative time were ( 207.6 ± 88.5 ) vs.( 168.7 ± 55.9 ) min ( P =0.041 ),the blood loss were ( 522.0 ±644.2) vs.(210.1 ± 213.1 ) ml ( P =0.009),the mean chest tube duration were ( 5.4 ± 4.4) vs.(6.3 ± 3.4 ) days ( P ＞0.05 ) and the mean length of hospitalization were ( 10.2 ±4.7 ) vs.( 8.5 ± 3.5 ) days ( P ＞ 0.05 ).No mortality or severe complication occurred in both groups.The morbidity was 25.7％ (9/25)vs.17.1％ (6/35) in thoracotomy and cVATS group,with no significant difference statistically (P =0.133 ) . There were 52％ vs.62.9％ patients achieved symptomatic completely relief and significant improvement was obtained in 40.0％ vs.31.4％ patients in thoracotomy and cVATS group separately.Conclusion cVATS lobectomy is safe and effective in the management of bronchiectasis.

ObjectiveTo evaluate thd cell biologic changes in thd non-small-cell lung cancer(NSCLC) which PTEN gene were activated by double-stranded RNA(dsRNA).MethodsSpecific dsRNA was designed.First,the promoter region of PTEN gene was determined by Promoter 2.0 program,then the CpG island in the promoter was found by CpGisland searcher software and the possible target non-CpG sequence that dsRNA might activate were defined by SiRNA Target Finder software.dsRNA were synthesized at Genechem Company( Shanghai,China).Then the specific dsRNA was transfected into A549 and H292 cells which were stored in our laboratory using Lipofectamine 2000 ( Invitrogen,USA) according to manufacture's instruction.Total celluar RNA was isolated.The expression of PTEN mRNA in transfected,control and mock group were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Cell profiferation was investigated on days 1 to 5 by using Cell Counting Kit-8 according to the manufature's technical manual.Cell invasion ability was assessed by Transwell method that transmembrane cells were counted,and cell bycle distribution were studied by flow cytometer(FCM) using CycleTESTTM PLUS DNA Reagent Kit.ResultsAfter the introduction of dsRNA into the A549 cells,the PTEN mRNA expressin was upregulated to (4.35 ±0.42) folds compared with the mock and control cells.And in H292 cells,the mRNA expression of PTEN was upregulated to (3.92 ± 0.20) folds.It confirmed the RNA activation phenomenon in the PTEN gene in NSCLC cells.Compared with the control group,the number of alive transfected cells did not decreased in the cell proliferation assay.In the cell invasion test we found that the transmembrane A549 cells were 122.4 ±11.2 vs.150.7 ±13.1 in transfected group and control group respectively.In the cell cycle distribution we found dsRNA in duced part ofthe transfected cells arrested in G1 phase and a corresponding decrease in S-phase population was observed,though this change was not statistically significant.Conclusion The expression of PTEN mRNA could by enhanced by inducing the specific dsRNA into the A549 and H292 cells,though no evidence was found that after the activation of silenced PTEN,the cell proliferation and invasion ability were significantly changed.

Objective To determine the value of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) for staging of lung cancer. Methods The study was retrospective, a total of 52 patients underwent EBUSTBNA for known or suspected lung cancer. All patients were detected enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes on CT scan ( ≥ 1.0cm). Results Of the 52 patients, 41 patients were found with N2 or N3 disease on EBUS-TBNA. 11 patients with negative EBUS-TBNA underwent thoracoscopy or thoracotomy for pulmonary resection and mediastinal lymph node dissection, 9 patients were confirmed N0 by pathology, whereas 2 patients had metastatic lymph node. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of EBUS-TBNA for the mediastinal staging of lung cancer were 95.3%, 100%, 96.2%, 100%, and 81.8%, respectively. The procedure was uneventful, and there were no postoperative complications. Conclusion EBUS-TBNA is an effective and safe technique for mediastinal staging in lung cancer patients.

Objective To determine the value of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) for the diagnosis of intrapulmonary tumors located adjacent to the central airway.MethodsThe study was retrospective,from September 2009 to September 2011,33 patients with pulmonary masses located close to the central airways suspected to be lung cancer were accessed by EBUS-TBNA.Conventional bronchoscopic biopsy before EBUSTBNA was nondiagnostic in all cases.If EBUS-TBNA did not result in a formal pathological diagnosis of malignancy,patients were subsequently referred for a surgical procedure.ResultsOf the 33 patients,EBUS-TBNA confirmed lung cancer in 29 cases (4 small cell lung cancer,25 non-small cell lung cancer).Four patients were not confirmed by EBUS-TBNA,3 cases were diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma by thoracoscoopy or thoracotomy,the other one was a pulmonary inflammatory lesion diagnosed by thoracoscopy.The sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,negative predictive value and positive predictive value of EBUS-TBNA for the diagnosis of intrapulmonary lesions was 90.2％,100％,90.9％,25％,and 100％,respectively.The procedure was uneventful,and there were no complications.ConclusionEBUS-TBNA is an effective tool with a high yield for the diagnosis of intrapulmonary lesions located adjacent to the central airway.