Dendritic cells (DCs) have different subtypes with distinct phenotypes and biological functions. Meloyiod dendritic cell subtype is one of the most important DCs subtypes. Recent studies have revealed that human monocytes were composed of CD14++CD16-and CD14+CD16+ subtypes,and mouse monocytes consisted of CD115+Ly6Chigh and CD115+Ly6Clow/-subtypes. Different monocyte subsets differentiate into different dendritic cells subsets with distinct phenotypes and induce different types of immune responses in vivo or in vitro. Under steady state,mouse CD115+Ly6Clow monocyte subtype is an important precursor of dendritic cells in peripheral organs and tissues,but in inflammatory response,CD115+Ly6Chigh monocyte subtype is the main precursor of dendritic cells in peripheral lymphoid organs. CD115+Ly6Chigh monocyte derived dendritic cells can directly present antigens that acquired in peripheral tissues after differentiating into dendritic cells,and transfer their MHC-Ⅰ/peptide complex to residential dendritic cells as well. The cooperation and interaction of dendritic cells from different sources enable the immune system to respond to different stimuli properly.

Objective To identify the association strength of the prevalence of HBeAg, cccDNA with the occurrence of HBV related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in high risk male cohort in Qidong area in China. Methods A cohort of 377 middle aged HBV infected men in Qidong was followed from 1989 for 13. 25 years. HCC cases were registered. A matched case-controlled study was conducted on 32 pairs of inherent HCC cases with non-HCC controls. Serum HBeAg was measured by ELISA. cccDNA was detected by semi-nested PCR and verified by DNA sequencing. Standard statistical comparison between the prevalence of each HBV marker in HCC versus control group provided the odds ratio and P-value was used to evaluate its association strength with HCC occurrence. Results Serum HBeAg prevalence was 53. 1% (17/32) in HCC group versus 15. 6% (5/32) in controls, odds ratio (OR) =6. 12, P