Objective To study the relationship between the mammographic features and clinicopathologic characteristics in breast cancer.Methods Digital mammograms of 176 patients with pathologically proved breast cancer were reviewed.X-ray findings were analysed compared with clinical and pathologic data(histological types and axillary nodes status).Results The breast cancer simplely with micro-calcifications was common seen is the young women under 50 years old(27/32,84.4%) and microcalcifications with the mass was common seen in the aged women over 50 years old(53.8%,28/52).Microcalcifications in mammography occurred frequently occurred in 51.9%(14/27)in intra-ductal carcinoma and early invasive carcinoma.The breast cancer with expression of microcalcification cimbined with burr-like mass had a high metastatic rate to axillary lymph nodes(69.4%,25/36).A high metastatic rate of axillary lymph nodes could also be found in the patients with solitary worm-like microcalcification,solitary burr-like tumor and simple non-wormlike microcalcification.Conclusion The X-ray features of breast carcinoma are certainly related to the clinicopathological manifestations.

Objective To evaluate the effect of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) on the expression of serine/threonine protein kinase (Akt) during ropivacaine-induced neurotoxicity to the spinal cord of rats.Methods Healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 1-2 months,weighing 280-320 g,were used in the study.A catheter was inserted at L5,6 interspace into the epidural space of rats.A total of 108 rats,in which intrathecal catheters were successfully implanted,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =36each):control group (group C),1％ ropivacaine group (group R),and 1％ ropivacaine + NT-3 group (group NT).The equal volume of normal saline was given in group C,1％ ropivacaine 0.12 ml/kg was injected via the intrathecal catheter once every 1.5 h for 8 times in total in R and NT groups.In addition,NT-3 0.1 mg/kg was simultanenously injected via the intrathecal catheter in group NT.On days 1,3,5,7,14 and 28 after the end of administration (T1-6),6 rats were sacrificed in each group.Their lumbar enlargements were removed for determination of neuronal apoptosis (using TUNEL) and Akt expression (by immuno-histochemistry).The apoptotic rate was calculated.Results Compared with group C,the apoptotic rate was significantly increased at T1-4,and Akt expression was significantly up-regulated at T1-3 in group R,and the apoptotic rate were significantly increased,and Akt expression was significantly up-regulated at T1-3 in group NT (P＜0.05).Compared with group R,the apoptotic rate was significantly decreased at T3,4,and Akt expression was significantly down-regulated at T2.3 in group NT (P＜0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which NT-3 reduces ropivacaine-induced neurotoxicity to the spinal cord may be related to down-regulation of the expression of Akt in rats.

Objective To investigate the effect of parecoxib on postoperative hyperalgesia induced by remifentanil-based anesthesia.Methods One hundred ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients,aged 21-64 yr,weighing 50-80 kg,undergoing elective laparoscopic operation,were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n =20 each):parecoxib group (group P),small dose remifentanil group (group S),large dose remifentanil group (group L),small dose remifentanil + parecoxib group (group SP) and large dose remifentanil + parecoxib group (group LP).Parecoxib 40 mg was injected intravenously at 30 min before anesthesia in groups P,SP and LP.Anesthesia was induced with midazolam0.05 mg/kg,etomidate 0.2 mg/kg,cisatracurium 0.15 mg/kg and remifentanil 1 μg/kg (fentanyl 4 μg/kg in group P).The patients was tracheal intubated and mechanically ventilated.PETCO2 was maintained at 35-45 mm Hg.Anesthesia was maintained with infusion of remifentanil at 0.05 μg·kg-1 ·min-1 (in groups S and SP) or at 0.3 μg· kg- 1· min- 1 (in groups L and LP) combined with inhalation of sevoflurane and infusion of cisatracurium at 0.12 mg·kg-1·h-1.At 30 min after operation,numeric rating scale (NRS) was used to assess the degree of pain at rest and during activity.Tramadol 1.5 mg/kg was injected intravenously after operation if needed.NRS scores were maintained ≤5.The use of tramadol and adverse effects during 24 h after operation were recorded.Results Compared with group P,NRS scores at rest and during activity were significantly increased at 30 min after operation in groups S and L,the incidence of shivering and the number of patients who needed tramadol were significantly increased in group L,and no change was found in NPS scores at rest and during activity at 30 min after operation,the incidence of adverse effects and the number of patients who needed tramadol in groups SP and LP.Compared with group S,NRS scores at rest and during activity at 30 min after operation,the incidence of shivering and the number of patients who needed tramadol were significantly increased in group L,NRS scores at rest and during activity at 30 min after operation were significantly decreased and no change was found in the incidence of adverse effects and the number of patients who needed tramadol in group SP.Compared with group L,NRS scores at rest and during activity at 30 min after operation,the incidence of shivering and the number of patients who needed tramadol were significantly decreased in group LP.Conclusion Intravenous injection of parecoxib 40 mg at 30 min before anesthesia can attenuate postoperative hyperalgesia induced by remifentanil-based anesthesia.

Objective To investigate the acute toxicity of intravenous isoflurane in Beagles.Methods Six healthy adult Beagles of both sexes aged 6-8 months weighing 6-8 kg were used in this study.Isoflurane injectio (120 mg/ml) in 30% hpid emulsion was injected intravenously. Femoral artery was cannulated for direct BP monitoring.ECG was continuously monitored.The maximal tolerance dose (MTD) and approximate lethal dose (ALD) were determined by up-and-down technique. The initial dose was 3.0 ml/kg. The dose was decreased/increased by 0.3 ml/kg if the previous animal died/survived.The survived dogs were observed for 2 weeks.Autopsy and histopathological examination were performed on all dead Beagles.Results The ALD and MTD of intravenous isoflurane were 252 and 216 mg/kg. Autopsy and histopathological examination did not show any abnormality.Conclusion Cardiopulmonary depression is the main manifestation of the acute toxicity of intravenous isoflurane in Beagles.

Objective To construct a lentiviral vector of RNA interference (RNAi) of PKCγ gene. Methods The effective sequence of siRNA targeting PKCγ gene was confirmed in our previous study. The complementary DNA containing both sense and antisense oligo DNA of the targeting sequence was designed, synthesized and cloned into the pGCSIL-GFP vector, which contained U_6 promoter and green fluorescent protein (GFP) . The resulting lentiviral vector containing PKCγshRNA was named lentivinis RNAi vector of PKCγ, and it was confirmed by realtime PCR and sequencing. 293T cells were cotransfected with lentiviral vector pGCSIL-CTP, pHelper 1.0 and pHelper 2.0. All virus stocks were produced by calcium phosphate-mediated transfection. The titer of virus was tested according to the expression level of GFP. Results PCR and DNA sequencing demonstrated that the lentivirus RNAi vector of PKCγ producing PKCγshRNA was constructed successfully. The titer of concentrated virus was 1 ×10~9 TU/ml. Conclusion The lentivinis RNAi vector of PKCy was constructed successfully.

Objective By analyzing the clinical symptoms, heart rate ( HR) , arterial oxygen saturation ( SaO2 ) and the number of white blood cells (WBC), we aimed to explore the implication of the above-mentioned indexes for early warning of high altitude pulmonary edema ( HAPE) .Methods Based on the Lake Louise Self-assessmeat Scoring System ( LLSS) and the scoring of respiratory symptoms, 628 subjects were divided into three groups: group A ( the healthy;score<3),group B(acute mountain sickness, AMS; score>3 and excluding HAPE),and group C (HAPE).Moreover, we analyzed the incidence of some clinical symptoms, HR and SaO2 , as well as the WBC number of some subjects in the three groups.Results The incidence of respiratory symptoms and WBC number were significantly increased in group C compared with group B(P<0.05).In addition,unlike group A and B, the mean HR in group C rose gradually in the first 3 days and was markedly increased at the third day(F=6.37,P<0.05).The mean SaO2in group C was remarkably lower than in group A and B in the first 3 days(F=8.21,F=8.77,F=9.58,P<0.01).Conclusion Those who enter high altitude for the first time with notable respiratory symptoms, WBC increase, HR maladaptation and decrease in SaO2 (>30%) have high risk of HAPE.It is of special importance to detect HAPE earlier at high altitude.

This research focuses on the application of multiple interactive modes in online teaching, combined with the actual teaching cases of the anesthesia equipment course of Xiangya Anesthesiology Specialty of Central South University, showing in detail the preparations for interactive teaching before anesthesia equipment learning, the interaction in online classrooms, the extension of interactive teaching outside the classroom, and the evaluation of interactive teaching feedback mechanism throughout the implementation process. By establishing a "host-guest-viewer" mode, the effect of online live broadcasting is maximized. Through the 360-degree materialized explanation with students as the main body, we will make opening in the pain points and blocking points of online teaching in which students do not go to class and students have no thinking, and promote the improvement of online teaching quality and efficiency. In the following practice, we must continue to work on issues such as the improvement of teacher talent quality, the building of an efficient talent team, and the construction of practical application value evaluation systems for teaching.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of pretreatment with neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) on intrathecal ropivacaine in rats. METHODS: A total of 144 male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 280-320 g were successfully implanted with microspinal cather following the improved methods of Yaksh. The rats were randomly divided into 4 groups and given saline (Group NS, n=36), 0.5% ropivacaine (Group M, n=36), 1% ropivacaine (Group R, n=36), and ropivacaine+NT-3 (Group T, n=36). The rats received 0.12 mL/ kg body weight of ropivacaine at 0.5% or 1%, or normal saline only, via an implanted intrathecal catheter at 90-min interval for 12 h in Group NS, M, R and T. In the meantime the rats also received NT-3 0.1 mg/kg in group T. On days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 28, we assessed the paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT) and paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWTL), behavioural change and histopathological damage score changed for possible neuronal injury within the spinal cord. RESULTS: Compared with Group NS and Group M, the PWMT and PWTL were significantly higher on 1, 3, 5 d and the histopathological damage score was significantly higher on 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 d in Group R (P<0.05). Compared with Group T, the PWMT and PWTL in Group R were significantly higher on 1, 3, 5 d and histopathological damage score was significantly higher on 5, 7, 14 d (P<0.05). CONCLUSION NT-3 pretreatment in mice has obvious protective effect against repeated intrathecal injection of 1% ropivacaine in the spinal nerve.
Amides ; adverse effects ; Animals ; Injections, Spinal ; Male ; Neurotrophin 3 ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Ropivacaine ; Spinal Cord ; drug effects

Objective To investigate the effects of different degrees of autophagy on the apop-tosis of GABAergic neurons in spinal dorsal horn of postherpetic neuralgia model mice. Methods Forty-eight Kunming mice,approximately 6-8 weeks of age and weighing 18-22 g,were randomly divided into four groups by a random digital generator of SPSS 19.0:resinotoxin+autoph-agy induction group (group PHN+Rapa),resinotoxin group (group PHN),resinotoxin+autophagy inhibitor group (group PHN+3-MA)and blank control group (group C),12 mice in each group. Group C was given no treatment,and the other groups were given intraperitoneal injection of 0.2 μg/g resiniferatoxin (RTX)to prepare PHN model.After successful model establishment,group PHN+Rapa was given Rapamycin (1 μg·kg-1·d-1),physiological saline was given to group PHN, group PHN+3-MA was given 2 μg·kg-1·d-1autophagy inhibitor 3-MA.The intraperitoneal injection was continued for 14 day.The mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT)and the latent period of thermal withdrawal latency (TWL)were detected and the mice were killed after stability. The segments of L4-6spinal cord were extracted and the relative expressions of bcl-2,Bax and autoph-agy-associated protein LC3 were detected by western blot.Detection of the number of apoptotic cells in the spinal cord by fluorescence Tunel.The number of GABA intermediate neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord was labeled by immunofluorescence.Results Compared with group C,the rel-ative expression level of Bax protein increased significantly,the LC3-II/I ratio and the number of ap-optotic cells increased significantly,the relative expression level of Bcl-2 protein and the number of GABA neurons in spinal dorsal horn were significantly reduced in other groups (P<0.05).Compared with group PHN,the LC3-II/I ratio and the relative expression level of Bax protein,the number of apoptotic cells increased significantly,the relative expression level of Bcl-2 protein and the number of GABA neurons in the spinal dorsal horn were significantly decreased of group PHN+Rapa (P<0.05).Compared with group PHN,the relative expression level of LC3-II/I ratio and Bax protein, the number of apoptotic cells decreased significantly,the relative expression level of Bcl-2 protein and the number of GABA neurons in spinal dorsal horn increased significantly of group PHN+3-MA,(P<0.05).Conclusion Over activation of autophagy may be one of the mechanisms leading to the ap-optosis of GABA neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in postherpetic neuralgia.

Objective To evaluate the role of autophagy in the spinal cord in the maintenance of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) in mice.Methods Forty-eight SPF Kunming mice,aged 6-8 weeks,weighing 18-22 g,were divided into 4 groups (n=12 each) using a random number table:normal control group (group C),group PHN,PHN plus autophagy inducer rapamycin group (group PHN+R) and PHN plus autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) group (group PHN+3-MA).PHN model was established by intraperitoneal injection of resiniferotoxin 0.2 μg/g.In PHN+R and PHN+3-MA groups,rapamycin 1 μg/g and 3-MA 2 μg/g were intraperitoneally injected once a day for 14 consecutive days starting from 7 days after resiniferotoxin injection.The equal volume of normal saline was given instead in group PHN.The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured on 1st,3rd,6th,9th,12th and 14th days of administration of autophagy regulator (before administration).The animals were sacrificed after the last measurement of pain threshold,and the spinal cord was removed for examination of the ultrastructure and for determination of the expression of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 Ⅱ (LC3 Ⅱ),LC3 Ⅰ,Beclin-1 and P62 by Western blot.The ratio of LC3 Ⅱ to LC3 Ⅰ expression (LC3 Ⅱ /Ⅰ) was calculated.Results Compared with group C,the MWT was significantly decreased,TWL was prolonged,LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ was increased,Beelin-1 expression was up-regulated,P62 expression was down-regulated (P＜0.05),and the number of autophagosomes was increased under electron microscope in group PHN.Compared with group PHN,the MWT was significantly decreased,TWL,was prolonged,LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ was increased,Beclin-1 expression was up-regulated,P62 expression was down-regulated (P＜0.05),and the number of autophagosomes was increased under electron microscope in group PHN+R,and the MWT was significantly increased,TWL was shortened,LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ was decreased,Beclin-1 expression was down-regulated,P62 expression was up-regulated (P＜0.05),and the number of autophagosomes was decreased under electron microscope in group PHN+3-MA.Conclusion The maintenance mechanism of PHN may be related to the excessive activation of autophagy in the spinal cord of mice.