Nosocomial infection is a serious problem in the diagnosis, treatment and management of neonatal disease. Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is high risk place for nosocomial infections whose clinical features vary with age, nation and region. The improvemnts in hand hygiene measures and antibiotic stewardship and control of the risk are recommended to effectively prevent nosocomial infections in NICU and to improve the healthcare service in neonates.

In France, home care is defined as an alternative to hospitalization.It aims at the patients who do not need full-time treatment in hospital, but who need the quality and technique of treatment which are same as hospital.It shortens the time of hospitalization, even sometimes to avoid hospitalization.This paper reviews home care and its application in neonatology in France, and discusses its application in China.

Objective To evaluate the effect of the hyperbaric oxygenation therapy on the apoptosis of the hippocampal neuron and the impairment of cognitive function of the newborn rats suffering from bilirubin encephalopathy. Methods One hundred and forty-five five-day-old SD rats of both sex were randomly divided into 3 groups,control group,bilirubin encephalopathy group and hyperbaric oxygenation treated group. Bilirubin ( 10 mg/ml) was injected into the cerebellomedullary cistern to establish experiment model,and normal sodium was injected for control. The expression of cytochrome C and Caspase-3 in the hippocampus neurons were detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence,respectively,at the time of 6 h,1,3,5 d and 7 d after intra-cisternal injection. Neuronal apoptosis was checked by TUNEL method. The cognitive function was tested by Morris experiment. Results The expressions of the cytochrome C and Caspase-3 in hyperbaric oxygenation treated group were lower than those in bilirubin encephalopathy group,but higher than control group at abovementioned time points ( P

OBJECTIVE:To investigate blood concentration monitoring data,therapeutic efficacy,toxic reaction and combi-nation of tacrolimus in patients with Allo-HSCT,and to provide reference for clinical application of tacrolimus. METHODS:The blood concentration of tacrolimus in 16 inpatients were monitored with EMIT 3 months after Allo-HSCT. The occurrence of Graft-versus-Host disease(GVHD),ADR and drug combination were analyzed and discussed. RESULTS:A large individual dif-ferences were found in blood concentration of tacrolimus. When blood concentration <8 ng/ml,there seems a greater possibility of GVHD. When >20 ng/ml,the occurrence of diabetes,kidney damage and other side effects seems increased. Tacrolimus had a good effect on treatment and prevention of GVHD,and could have an interaction with other drugs. CONCLUSIONS:Blood concentration monitoring of tacrolimus plays an important role on the prevention and treatment of GVHD,and the decrease of side effects such as diabetes and neurotoxicity. The satisfactory blood concentration is 8-20 ng/ml,when there seems a smaller possibility of GVHD and ADR 3 months after Allo-HSCT.

Objective To observe the effect of inhaled nitric oxide(INO) on the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in piglet suffered from severe meconium aspiration syndrome(MAS). Methods Severe MAS model of piglet was reproduced, the oxygenation effect and the activity of pulmonary NOS were measured, hybridization in situ of pulmonary slices was used to show the gene expression of inducible NOS(iNOS). Results INO therapy attenuated respiratory dysfunction in MAS, while discontinuation of INO induced “rebound pulmonary hypertension”. The activity of iNOS in MAS group is higher than that in control group (16.9?3.1) fmol/(mg Pro?min)vs (11.6?2.7) fmol/(mg Pro?min),( P

Objective To investigate the effect of standardized usage of antibiotics and hand hygiene on carbapenem-re-sistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infection in neonates. Methods According to the situation of standardized management of an-tibiotics in our hospital, the study period, from January 2011 to December 2013, was divided into pre-intervention, transition and post-intervention. Retrospective study was employed to analyze the antibiotics use density (AUD), the hand hygiene compliance rate among the medical staff, the positive rate of CRE and the nosocomial infection percentage of the neonatology department. Results From pre-intervention to post-intervention period, the AUD was decreased from 12.93 DDDs to 8.10 DDDs;hand hy-giene compliance rate of medical staff was increased from 53.49%to 83.33%;the detection rate of CRE was decreased from 3.71%to 2.27%. The differences were all signiifcant among different periods (P<0.01). The nosocomial infection percentage decreased from 0.22%to 0.17%and there was no signiifcant difference (P=0.441). Conclusions Standardized usage of antibiotics and hand hygiene can be served as economical yet effective approaches to controlling CRE infection in neonates.

Objective To investigate the expressions of transforming growth factor-?1(TGF-?1)and ?-smooth muscle actin(?-SMA)in the lungs of mice with intra-amniotic endotoxin priming and exposed to 60% hyperoxia after born in order to elucidate the possible relationship with bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD).MethodsFifty C57 pregnant mice were divided into 2 groups:lipopolysaccharide(LPS,40 ?g/L)group and saline solution group,and then received an intra-amniotic injection of corresponding solution on E15.The neonatal mice of each group were randomized to be set in 60% oxygen exposure or in room air.So there were 4 subgroups,LPS+air,LPS+hyperoxia,saline+air and saline+hyperoxia groups.On days 1,3,7,10 and 14 after birth(8 rats each time point),the lung histological changes was assessed with hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining for radial alveolar counting(RAC).The expressions of TGF-?1 and ?-SMA proteins were detected by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining,and the expressions of TGF-?1 and ?-SMA mRNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).ResultsIn the LPS+hyperoxia group and saline+hyperoxia group,RAC began to decrease on day 3,and then further declined in a time-dependent manner.Compared with saline+hyperoxia group,LPS+hyperoxia group had significantly lower RAC(P

The occurrence of liver cancer is a multi-phase and multi-factor process, while Chinese medicine used for antitumor is all-round with multiple approaches. This summary is a literature review which elaborates the prevention and treatment of Chinese medicine to the molecular mechanism of liver cancer in eight aspects, such as inhibiting the proliferation of hepatoma cell, inducing their differentiation, affecting the activity of telomerase, resisting the invasion and metastasis of hepatoma cell, inhibiting the formation of tumor vessel, adjusting the immunity function, and reversing the multidrug resistance, etc.
Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; drug effects ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Telomerase ; drug effects ; metabolism

Paeoniflorin is one of the bioactive components of Paeonia lactiflora, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Some recent studies prove its distinguished neuroprotective effect. These neuroprotective mechanisms have become hot points and show closely correlated to activating adenosine A1 receptor, ameliorating the function of cholinergic nerve, regulating ion channel homeostasis, retarding oxidative stress and apoptosis of the neurocytes, promoting nerve growth, having an influence on astrocytes and being ableto penetrate though blood brain barrier. In this review, we present the neuroprotective mechanisms of paeoniflorin in the following eight aspects.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Benzoates ; analysis ; pharmacology ; Bridged-Ring Compounds ; analysis ; pharmacology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; pharmacology ; Glucosides ; analysis ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Monoterpenes ; Neurons ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Neuroprotective Agents ; analysis ; pharmacology ; Oxidative Stress ; drug effects ; Paeonia ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation in bilirubin-induced apoptosis of rat hippocampal neurons and the effect of TAT-NBD intervention on bilirubin neurotoxicity.

METHODSPrimary-cultured rat hippocampal neurons were treated with TAT-NBD in the initial 6 or 24 h or in the latter 6 h during a 24-h bilirubin exposure of the cells (early, continuous and late intervention groups, respectively). Immunocytochemistry was performed to detect NF-κB p65 protein expression, and the cell survival and apoptosis were assessed with a modified MTT assay, Annexin V-FITC/PI and TUNEL assay. IL-1β concentration in the supernatant was determined with ELISA.

RESULTSCompared with the control cells, bilirubin-treated cells showed a significantly increased NF-κB p65 protein expression (P<0.01), which reached the peak level at 6 and 24 h (P<0.01). The cell survival rate in early TAT-NBD intervention group was (80.784∓9.767)%, significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.01) but higher than that of bilirubin group (P<0.01); the apoptotic rate in early TAT-NBD intervention group was significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.01) but lower than that of bilirubin group (P<0.01). IL-1β concentration was significantly lower in early TAT-NBD intervention group (15.348∓0.812 pg/ml) than in bilirubin group (P<0.05). The continuous and late TAT-NBD intervention groups showed comparable cell survival rate, apoptotic rate and IL-1β concentration with bilirubin group (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONNF-κB bidirectionally regulates bilirubin-induced apoptosis of rat hippocampal neurons. Selective inhibition of the early peak of NF-κB by TAT-NBD offers neuroprotective effect. TAT-NBD can be potentially used for prophylaxis of bilirubin-induced brain injury.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Bilirubin ; toxicity ; Cell Survival ; Cells, Cultured ; Female ; Hippocampus ; cytology ; Interleukin-1beta ; metabolism ; Male ; Neurons ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Neuroprotective Agents ; pharmacology ; Peptides ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Transcription Factor RelA ; metabolism