Objective:To evaluate the accuracy of parents ’ perception of whether their child is a picky eater and the specific food category the children avoideating according to the food frequency question-naire.Methods:This research selected 1 663 infants aged 4-36 months receiving non-diary complimen-tary food from maternal, infants, nutrition and growth study (MING Study) in 8 Chinese cities in which a combination of systematic cluster random sampling and purposive sampling was used .The general infor-mation, dietary status and picky eating status were collected through a self-designed questionnaire from the caregiver of the children .According to the parents ’ perception , the children were classified into picky/non-picky groups or avoid/non-avoid to a specific food category groups .Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare between the groups .Results: The reported percentage of picky eaters increased from 7.37%in 4-6 months old infants to 36.20%in 25-36 months old infants .Most picky infants in 4-6 months and 7-12 months old infants avoided eating dairy food ( 25% and 24%); while most picky toddlers aged 13-24 months and 25-36 months avoided eating vegetables (26.92% and 47.46%). The infants aged 4-6 months and 7-12 months who were perceived as picky by their parents took more kinds of food (8 and 19.5 kinds) than those who were not (6 and 18 kinds), while the picky toddlers aged 13-24 months and 25-36 months took fewer kinds of food (28.5 and 34 kinds for picky eaters, 31 and 37 kinds for non-picky eaters ) .The parents of infants aged 4-6 months judged correctly in every category of food without any statistical significance;the parents of 7-12 months old infants judged cor-rectly only in dairy food and eggs with statistical significance;those of 13-24 months old infants judged correctly in every food category except for vegetables with statistically significant difference in the category of eggs;those of 25-36 months old toddlers misjudged in dairy , beans and grains with no statistically significant difference in every category .Conclusion: Parents tend to misjudge their children ’ s picky eating behavior before the first 12 months of the child , and tend to make a more accurate perception after the 12th month.

Objective:To discuss the protective effect of sodium butyrate(NaB)on acute liver injury in the mice induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)combined with D-galactosamine(D-Gal),and to clarify its mechanism.Methods:Thirty male Kunming mice were randomly divided into control group,model group,and NaB group,and there were 10 mice in each group.The mice in NaB group were given 200 mg·kg-1·d-1 NaB,while the mice in control group and model group were given an equal volume of sterile water.The mice in model group and NaB group were intraperitoneally injected with 20 μg·kg-1 LPS and 600 mg·kg-1 D-Gal to induce the acute liver injury models.The body weights and liver weights of the mice in various groups were detcted,and the liver index was calculated.HE staining was used to observe the pathomorphology of liver tissue of the mice in various groups;kits were used to detect the activities of alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)in serum,and the activities of total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD)and catalase(CAT),and the levels of malondialdehyde(MDA)in liver tissue of the mice in various groups;Western blotting method was used to detect the expression levels of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(Nrf2)and heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)proteins in liver tissue of the mice in various groups.Results:There were no significant differences in body weights of the mice among various groups(P>0.05).Compared with control group,the liver index of the mice in model group was significantly increased(P<0.01).Compared with model group,the liver index of the mice in NaB group was significantly decreased(P<0.01).The HE staining results showed that the liver tissue of the mice in control group exhibited normal structure,with clear boundaries of hepatocytes,consistent size,radially arranged around the central vein,and the nucleus located in the center of the cells;in model group,the arrangement of hepatocytes was disordered,the cells were swollen,there were multiple foci of hepatocellular necrosis,inflammatory cell infiltration,and hemorrhage;compared with model group,the cells in NaB group showed improved hepatocellular structure and reduced inflammatory infiltration.Compared with control group,the activities of ALT and AST in serum of the mice in model group were significantly increased(P<0.01);compared with model group,the activities of ALT and AST in serum of the mice in NaB group were significantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Compared with control group,the activities of T-SOD and CAT in liver tissue of the mice in model group were significantly decreased(P<0.01),and the level of MDA was significantly increased(P<0.01);compared with model group,the activities of T-SOD and CAT in liver tissue of the mice in NaB group were significantly increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01),and the level of MDA was significantly decreased(P<0.01).The Western blotting results showed that compared with control group,the expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins in liver tissue of the mice in model group were significantly decreased(P<0.05);compared with model group,the expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins in liver tissue of the mice in NaB group were significantly increased(P<0.01).Conclusion:NaB has a protective effect on LPS/D-Gal induced acute liver injury in the mice,and its mechanism may be related to the upregulation of the expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins and the increas of the activity of oxidant enzyme in liver tissue by NaB,thereby reduces the liver oxidative stress level of liver.

Antibody-drug conjugates(ADCs), as an emerging therapy for cancer treatment, have made significant progress in the past few decades. However, due to the heterogeneity of ADCs, they still face various issues and challenges in clinical therapy. Therefore, site-specific conjugation techniques have become a crucial area of research in ADCs, and in recent years, this field has witnessed numerous breakthrough advancements, empowering ADCs with enhanced performance. The review provides a comprehensive overview of the frontiers in site-specific conjugation technologies for ADCs. Categorized into seven major classes including lysine-based, cysteine-based, low-abundance amino acid-based and glycosylation site-based conjugation techniques, ribosomal incorporation of unnatural and noncanonical amino acids and enzyme-mediated conjugation techniques, it meticulously describes 21 classical and emerging techniques such as the THIOMAB technology and linchpin-directed modification, in order to offer valuable insights for the development of next-generation ADCs.

Objective:To develop an artificial intelligence system for detecting dental plaque on permanent teeth and find the influenced factors.Methods:Photos of the labial or buccal surfaces of the permanent teeth were taken by using an intraoral camera (1 280×960 pixels; TPC Ligang, Shenzhen, China) before and after applying the plaque-disclosing agent (Cimedical, Japan) in 25 volunteers [12 males, 13 femals, aged (23±3) years] recruided in accordance with the inclusion criteria from the students of Peking University School of Stomatology from October 2018 to June 2019. A total of 549 groups of photos were captured and then divided into a training dataset containing 440 groups of photos and a test dataset including 109 groups of photos. The scopes of teeth and dental plaque on photos were labeled using LabelMe (Windows 3.2.1, MIT, U S A). A DeepLab based deep learning system was designed for the intelligent detection of dental plaque on permanent teeth. The mean intersection over union (MIoU) was employed to indicate the detection accuracy. Matlab (Windows R2017a, MathWorks, U S A) was used to extract the plaque edge line of 109 groups of photos and to calculate the number of pixels for the measurement of the complexity of the plaque edge line. The percentage of dental plaque area was calculated. Multivariate linear regression was used to explore whether tooth site, plaque percentage, number of plaque edge line pixels and lens light spot location would influence the detection accuracy, of which P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:The MIoU of the permanent tooth model was 0.700±0.191 when 440 photos were used for training and 109 photos were used for testing. In the regression model of significance test ( P<0.05), the percentage of plaque and the number of pixels on the edge of plaque had significant influence on the accuracy of dental plaque detection. The standardized coefficient of the number of pixels of the plaque edge line is -0.289, and the standardized coefficient of the percentage of plaque is -0.551. Conclusions:In the present study, an artificial intelligence system was built to detect dental plaque area on tooth photos collected by family intraoral camera. The system showed the ability to detect the dental plaque of permanent teeth. The more complex the marginal line of dental plaque and higher the percentage of dental plaque are, the lower the accuracy of plaque recognition is.

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of berberine combined with evodiamine on the migration and invasion of colorectal cancer HCT116 and RKO cells and to explore the underlying mechanism. Methodcell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay was used to examine the proliferation of HCT116 and RKO cells treated by berberine （30 μmol·L^-1）， evodiamine （0.8 μmol·L^-1）， and combination of two （30 μmol·L^-1+0.8 μmol·L^-1）， respectively. Scratch assay and Transwell assay were employed to detect the migration and invasion of HCT116 and RKO cells treated with berberine， evodiamine， and the combination， separately. In addition， the protein expression of epithelial cadherin （E-cadherin）， neural cadherin （N-cadherin）， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）， and protein kinase B （Akt） in HCT116 and RKO cells treated with the berberine， evodiamine， and the combination was respectively measured by Western blot. ResultCompared with the blank group， berberine alone and evodiamine alone had no significant inhibitory effect on the proliferation， migration， and invasion of HCT116 and RKO cells， while the combination showed significant inhibition （P<0.01）. Berberine alone and evodiamine alone had no remarkable influence on the expression of PI3K， N-cadherin， and E-cadherin in HCT116 and RKO cells， but the combination significantly reduced the expression of PI3K and N-cadherin （P<0.01） and increased the expression of E-cadherin （P<0.01） in HCT116 and RKO cells. Evodiamine alone also significantly suppressed the expression of Akt protein in HCT116 and RKO cells （P<0.05）， but the suppression was weaker than that of the combination. ConclusionThe combination of berberine and evodiamine can significantly inhibit the migration and invasion of colorectal cancer HCT116 and RKO cells and the two show synergy. The mechanism is the likelihood that the combination down-regulates the expression of PI3K and Akt.