OBJECTIVE To strengthen the hospital infection control and the link management, and to improve the medical care and nursing quality. METHODS The main methods were to strengthen the organization leadership, set up and enhance the management system of infection; strengthen the continuing education about the hospital infection knowledge, control the hospital infection, and standardize medical personnel′s hand hygiene; choose the correct washing and maintenance method for the apparatus and instruments; and strengthen the management of the medical wastes. RESULTS After that to set up the management of each link, eliminate the dangers in medical action, improve the antiseptic quality, and decrease the rate of hospital infection. CONCLUSIONS The hospital infection controls and the link management are two of the important indexes of appraising the management level of the hospital, and it is the important guarantee of improving medical care and nursing quality and supporting the medical treatment′s security.

Objective To analyze the role of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) in bone toxicity in rats co-exposed to fluoride and arsenite.Methods One hundred and ninety-two 8-week-old clean-grade Wistar rats weighing (200 ± 50) g were divided into 16 groups by weight using random number table method of 12 rats in each group by 2 × 4 factorial experimental design (half female and half male),and treated with different doses of fluoride,arsenite and fluoride plus arsenite in deionized water (untreated control group containing 0.0 mg/kg fluoride and 0.0 mg/kg arsenite;low-,moderate-,and high-fluoride groups supplemented with 5.0,10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg fluoride and 2.5,5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg arsenite) for 6 months.Rats were divided into control (F0As0),low fluorine (F5.0As0),moderate fluoride (F10.0As0),high fluoride (F20.0As0),low arsenic (F0As2.5),moderate arsenic (F0As5.0),high arsenic (F0As10.0),low fluorine and low arsenic (F5.0As2.5),low fluorine and moderate arsenic (F5.0As5.0),low fluorine and high arsenic (F5.0As10.0),moderate fluorine and low arsenic (F10.0As2.5),moderate fluorine and moderate arsenic (F10.0As5.0),moderate fluorine and high arsenic (F10.0As10.0),high fluorine and low arsenic (F20.0As2.5),high fluorine and moderate arsenic (F20.0As5.0),high fluorine and high arsenic (F20.0As10.0) groups.The protein expressions of OPG and RANKL in bone were measured via the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method.The mRNA expressions of OPG and RANKL were measured with quantitative real-time PCR.Results Compared with F0As0 [(2.678 ± 0.136) ng/mg,(29.658 ± 0.662) pg/mg],the protein expressions of OPG [(2.857 ± 0.162),(2.983 ± 0.272),(3.117 ± 0.143) ng/mg],and RANKL [(32.533 ± 0.999),(32.698 ± 1.932),(33.331 ± 1.140) pg/mg] in F5.0As0,F10.0As0,F20.0As0 were increased with increasing of fluoride doses;increased first and then decreased was observed in levels of RANKL protein [(32.348 ± 2.838),(31.589 ±1.359),(28.843 ± 1.908) pg/mg] in F0As2.5,F0As5.0,F0As10.0 with increasing of arsenic doses (P＜0.05).Compared with F0As0 (0.83 ± 0.19,0.92 ± 0.23),the mRNA expressions of OPG (1.14 ± 0.27,1.33 ± 0.39,1.69 ± 0.77) and RANKL (1.02 ± 0.21,1.17 ± 0.15,1.25 ± 0.31) in F5.0As0,F10.0As0,F20.0As0 were increased with increasing of fluoride dose.Fluoride had a significant effect on protein and mRNA expressions of OPG and RANKL (F=11.530,21.765,6.320,3.543,P ＜ 0.05).There was interaction between fluoride and arsenite on the expressions of RANKL protein and mRNA,OPG protein (F =9.496,2.217,3.375,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion When rat is co-exposed to fluorine and arsenic,fluorine plays a leading role in regulating RANKL and OPG,and arsenic is indirectly involved in the fluorine bone toxicity in rats,fluorine and arsenic has a antagonistic effect on OPG and RANKL expressions.

Objective To investigate the effects of chronic fluoride and arsenic co-exposure on bone morphogenetic proteins 2 (BMP-2) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) gene expressions of bone tissue in rats. Methods One hundred and sixty 8-week-old clean-grade Wistar rats weighting (200 ± 50) g were randomly divided into 16 groups by weight via the random number table method of 10 rats in each group by 2 × 4 factorial experimental design (half female and half male), and treated with different doses of fluoride, arsenite and fluoride plus arsenite in deionized water (untreated control group with 0.0 mg/kg fluoride and 0.0 mg/kg arsenite; low-, moderate- and high-fluoride groups were supplemented with 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg fluoride and 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg arsenite) for 6 months. Rats were divided into control (F0.0As0.0), low fluorine (F5.0As0.0), moderate fluorine (F10.0As0.0), high fluorine (F20.0As0.0), low arsenic (F0.0As2.5), moderate arsenic (F0.0As5.0), high arsenic (F0.0As10.0), low fluorine and low arsenic (F5.0As2.5), low fluorine and moderate arsenic (F5.0As5.0), low fluorine and high arsenic (F5.0As10.0), moderate fluorine and low arsenic (F10.0As2.5), moderate fluorine and moderate arsenic (F10.0As5.0), moderate fluorine and high arsenic (F10.0As10.0), high fluorine and low arsenic (F20.0As2.5), high fluorine and moderate arsenic (F20.0As5.0), high fluorine and high arsenic (F20.0As10.0) groups. The concentrations of urinary fluoride (UF) and urinary arsenic (UAs) were determined as exposure biomarkers via the fluoride ion selective electrode method and the flame atomic fluorescence method. The mRNA expressions of BMP-2 and Runx2 were measured with quantitive real-time PCR. Results There were no dental fluorosis found in F0.0As0.0, F0.0As2.5, F0.0As5.0 and F0.0As10.0 groups, and there was a dose-response relationship between the occurrence of dental fluorosis and fluoride doses. Under exposure of fluorine and arsenic combined with high dose of fluorine (20.0 mg/kg), with increasing of arsenic exposure doses, the degree of injury of dental fluorosis increased (χ2 = 9.124, P < 0.05). Compared with F0.0As0.0 (0.99 ± 0.08, 0.99 ± 0.07), the mRNA expressions of BMP-2 (1.01 ± 0.07, 1.06 ± 0.06, 1.21 ± 0.05) and Runx2 (1.03 ± 0.04, 1.24 ± 0.03, 1.33 ± 0.10) in F5.0As0.0, F10.0As0.0, F20.0As0.0 groups were increased with increasing of fluoride doses. Fluoride had a significant effect on mRNA expressions of BMP-2 and Runx2 (F=3.067, 2.927, P<0.05). There was a significant interaction between fluoride and arsenic combination and BMP-2 and Runx2 mRNA expression levels (F = 3.817, 4.802, P < 0.05). Conclusion When rat is co-exposed to fluorine and arsenic, fluorine plays a leading role on BMP-2 and Runx2 mRNA expressions, and arsenic is indirectly involved in fluoride-induced bone toxicity; fluorine and arsenic has a antagonistic effect on BMP-2 and Runx2 mRNA expressions.

Objective:To investigate the effects of combined exposure of fluorine, arsenic, and fluorine-arsenic on the signaling pathway related protein expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor-related factor 6 (TRAF-6)/nuclear factor κB1(NF-κB1) in a co-culture system of mouse osteoblasts MC3T3-E1 and mouse monocyte macrophage RAW264.7.Methods:MC3T3-E1 cells were co-cultured with RAW264.7 cells after induction with osteogenic inducers. The cells were cultured for 7 days in vitro, and different doses of sodium fluoride (0.0, 0.1, 0.4, 1.6 mmol/L NaF, F), sodium arsenite (0.0, 0.5, 2.5, 12.5 μmol/L NaAsO 2, As) and different doses of fluorine and arsenic were added to the culture medium and cultured for 24 h using factorial design. The expression levels of nuclear factor κB receptor activating factor (RANK), TRAF-6, NF-κB1, T cell activating factor (NFATc1), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) protein were detected by Western blotting. Results:When fluorine was used alone, compared with the control group (F 0.0As 0.0, 1.00 ± 0.00), the expressions of RANK, NF-κB1 and TRAP proteins (1.11 ± 0.04, 1.29 ± 0.05, 1.38 ± 0.04, 1.24 ± 0.04, 1.13 ± 0.03, 1.34 ± 0.05, 1.12 ± 0.03, 1.24 ± 0.04, 1.61 ± 0.06) were increased ( P < 0.05); TRAF-6 protein expressions in F 0.1 and F 1.6 groups (1.23 ± 0.04, 1.35 ± 0.03) were increased ( P < 0.05). When arsenic was used alone, compared with the control group (F 0.0As 0.0), the expressions of RANK, TRAF-6, NF-κB1 proteins were increased in As 0.5 group ( P < 0.05), the expressions of RANK and NFATc1 proteins were reduced in As 12.5 group ( P < 0.05). When fluorine was combined with arsenic, at the same dose of fluorine, RANK protein expression in F 0.1As 0.5 group and TRAF-6 protein expression in F 0.1As 12.5, F 0.4As 0.5, F 0.4As 2.5 groups, NF-κB1 protein expression in F 0.1As 0.5 F 0.4As 2.5, F 0.4As 12.5 groups, NFATc1 protein expression in F 0.1As 0.5 and F 0.4As 0.5 groups, TRAP protein expression in F 0.1As 12.5 group were higher than the corresponding fluorine groups alone (F 0.1, F 0.4, P < 0.05), but lower than the sum of fluorine and arsenic alone. At the same dose of arsenic, RANK protein expression in F 0.1As 12.5 group, TRAF-6 protein expression in F 0.1As 12.5 and F 0.4As 2.5 groups, and NF-κB1 protein expression in F 0.1As 12.5, F 0.4As 2.5, F 0.4As 12.5, and F 1.6As 2.5 groups, TRAP protein expression in F 1.6As 2.5 and F 1.6As 12.5 groups were higher than the corresponding arsenic groups alone (As 2.5, As 12.5, P < 0.05), but lower than the sum of fluorine and arsenic alone. Fluorine had a major effect on the expressions of RANK, TRAF-6, NF-κB1, NFATc1, and TRAP proteins ( F=3.41, 341.73, 66.01, 56.49, 147.40, P < 0.05); arsenic also had a main effect on all protein indicators ( F=686.71, 174.96, 107.32, 235.80, 331.37, P < 0.05); the combined effect of fluorine and arsenic had an interaction effect on each protein indicator ( F=50.39, 234.94, 116.72, 67.77, 36.56, P < 0.05). Conclusions:In the co-culture system of MC3T3-E1 and RAW264.7 cells, fluorine can activate TRAF-6-mediated expression of NF-κB1 signaling pathway-related proteins, thereby promoting osteoclast differentiation; the effects of arsenic on the expression of related proteins are not completely consistent. The interaction of fluorine and arsenic exposure on TRAF-6-mediated expression of NF-κB1 signaling pathway-related proteins is mainly antagonistic.

OBJECTIVE To optimize the extraction technology for the raw drugs of Sanse powder gel paste. METHODS SD rats were divided into blank group， model group， traditional technology group， water extraction group and ethanol extraction group， with 5 rats in each group. Anterior cruciate ligament transection was used to construct knee osteoarthritis model， and the pharmacodynamic effects of different extraction methods on arthritic rats were investigated. Analgesic experiments were conducted using cold and hot pain thresholds and pain mediators calcitonin gene-related peptide （CGRP）， cyclooxygenase-2 （COX-2）， substance P （SP）， and prostaglandin E2 （PGE2） contents as indicators. HE staining was performed on the synovial membrane of rats to observe the degree of synovial cell proliferation， inflammatory infiltration and vascular invasion， and anti-inflammatory experiments were conducted using protein and mRNA expressions of interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） and IL-6 as indicators. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects were compared among those groups. In the orthogonal test， ethanol dosage， extraction time and extraction times were used as evaluation factors， and the contents of casticin， strychnine and toxiferine were taken as evaluation indicators； comprehensive score was calculated. The validation experiments were carried out after optimizing the extraction technology of the raw drugs of Sanse powder gel paste. RESULTS Compared with the model group， the cold and heat pain thresholds of drug administration groups （except for the traditional technology group） were all increased significantly （P＜0.05）， while the contents of pain （No.Y2021rc02） mediators CGRP， COX-2， SP and PGE2 were all decreased significantly （P＜0.05）. HE staining showed that inflammatory cell infiltration， fibrosis and collagen deposition were 炎。E-mail：liuzixiu3221@126.com decreased in the administration groups； a small amount of capillary proliferation could be found； the protein and mRNA expressions of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β， IL-6 and TNF-α were decreased significantly in synovial tissue of rats in administration groups （P＜0.05）. Compared with the traditional technology group， most indicators of the ethanol extraction group were significantly reduced （P＜0.05）， and only heat pain threshold and mRNA expression of IL-6 in rats were decreased significantly in the water extraction group （P＜0.05）. The optimal extraction technology of the raw drugs of Sanse powder gel paste included suitable dose of Sanse powder， 8-fold 55% ethanol， heating reflux extraction for 90 minutes， extracting twice. The results of 3 times of verification experiments showed that the average contents of casticin， strychnine and toxiferine were 0.007%， 0.092%， and 0.214%， respectively； RSD were all less than 5%. CONCLUSIONS The optimized extraction technology for the raw drugs of Sanse powder gel paste is stable and feasible， which can improve the efficacy of the preparation.

Adult ; Humans ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; East Asian People ; Hypertension ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Ethnicity