The imaging techniques have been widely used in the diagnosis of chronic osteomyelitis,including plain radiography,magnetic resonance imaging,computed tomography and radionuclide imaging.Plain radiography is useful in the early detection of suspected osteomyelitis,but its sensitivity is low.Due to its high resolution and sensitivity,MRI has been the most widely used but its specificity is relatively poor.CT is mainly recommended for diagnosis of chronic osteomyelitis in complicated anatomic regions.Radionuclide imaging will have prospects of broad application due to its diverse radiotracers and high sensitivity.This paper reviewed the research of imaging modalities in diagnosis of chronic osteomyelitis.

Objective To investigate the prognostic significance of serum lactate level and lactate clearance rate for critical illness patients.Methods Two hundred and eighty-six patients with hyperlactacidemia were investigated by analyzing the clinical data,laboratory data and outcomes.Comparison of mortality rate and APACHE Ⅱ score between different stratified levels of serum lactate was carried out.The blood pH,HCO3-,BE,and Lac were compared between survivors and non-survivors in terms of in-hospital death in seven days after admission.The above variables of blood gas analysis were studied in patients with severe hyperlactacidemia as well as the different lactate clearance rates and APACHE Ⅱ scores were compared between survivors and non-survivors.The mortality rates and APACHE Ⅱ scores were compared between high and low lactate-clearance rate groups.Results The mortality rates of different stratified levels of serum lactate (≥2,＜4 mmol/L; ≥4,＜ 10mmol/L; ≥ 10 mmoL/L) were 14.04％,46.67％,78.79％,respectively.As the serum level of lactate increased,the decompensation rate of pH,APACHE Ⅱ score and mortality rate increased consequently.Compared with non-survivors,survivors had a higher lactate clearance rate (P ＜ 0.01),and lower APACHE Ⅱ score (P ＜ 0.01).The high-clearance group had lower mortality rate and 6-hour APACHE Ⅱ score compared with the low-clearance group (P ＜ 0.01),but the initiate levels of serum lactate and APACHE Ⅱ scores were not noticeably different between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Serum lactate level had a significant positive relationship with APACHE Ⅱ score (r =0.868,P ＜ 0.01),but lactate clearance rate had a significant reverse relationship with APACHE Ⅱ score (r =-0.823,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Both serum lactate levels and early lactate clearance rate had high prognostic value for critical illness patients,and in combination with changes in APACHE Ⅱ score,they could guide clinical treatment and give precise evaluation of the prognosis.

Objective:To analysis the risk factors for calcaneal fracture combined with vertebral fracture.Methods:A retrospective study was performed of the 745 calcaneal fractures which had been surgically treated from May, 2005 to September, 2020 in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School, Nanjing University. There were 651 males and 94 females, aged from 11 to 89 years (mean, 43.8 years). The incidence of calcaneal fracture combined with vertebral fracture was recorded. The risk factors were screened out by univariate analysis from gender, age, body mass index, unilateral or bilateral calcaneal fractures, injury severity score (ISS), cause of injury, fall height, classifications of calcaneal and number of vertebral fracture; binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine independent risk factors from the rtsk factors with P<0.05. Results:Vertebral fracture occurred in 70 of the 745 patients with calcaneal fracture (9.40%). Univariate analysis showed significant differences in gender, body mass index, unilateral or bilateral calcaneal fractures, ISS and fall height between patients with simple calcaneal fracture and patients with calcaneal fracture combined with vertebral fracture ( P<0.05); Binary logistic regression analysis showed that gender ( OR=0.225, 95% CI:0.095~0.532, P=0.001), unilateral or bilateral calcaneal fractures ( OR=3.582, 95% CI:1.705~7.526, P=0.001), ISS ( OR=5.229, 95% CI:1.605~17.035, P=0.006), and fall height ( OR=49.820, 95% CI:23.068~107.597, P<0.001) were the independent risk factors for calcaneal fracture combined with vertebral fracture. Conclusion:A more likely combined vertebral fracture should be taken into consideration in male patient with bilateral calcaneal fractures, a falling height > 3 m, or a high ISS.

During the novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) pandemic from 2020 to 2021, lung transplantation entered a new stage of development worldwide. Globally, more than 70 000 cases of lung transplantation have been reported to the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). With the development of medical techniques over time, the characteristics of lung transplant donors and recipients and the indications of pediatric lung transplantation recipients have undergone significant changes. Application of lung transplantation in the treatment of COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has also captivated worldwide attention. Along with persistent development of lung transplantation, it will be integrated with more novel techniques to make breakthroughs in the fields of artificial lung and xenotransplantation. In this article, research progresses on the characteristics of lung transplant donors and recipients around the world were reviewed and the development trend was predicted, enabling patients with end-stage lung disease to obtain more benefits from the development of lung transplantation technique.

Objective To evaluate the effect of interleukin (IL)-10 on donor lung function after ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) in rats of cardiac death. Methods Twenty adult male SD rats were randomly divided into the simple perfusion group (group A, n=10) and modified perfusion group (group B, n=10). Perfusate A (without IL-10) and perfusate B (supplemented with IL-10) was administered in group A and B, respectively. The EVLP rat models of cardiac death were established. The appearance of donor lung, dry-to-wet (D/W) ratio of donor lung tissues, the function and metabolism of donor lung, the morphology of donor lung and the levels of inflammatory markers of donor lung were statistically compared between two groups. Results After perfusion, evident edema of the whole donor lung, poor compliance and a large amount of edema fluid discharged from the airway were observed in group A, whereas no obvious edema and good compliance were found in group B. Compared with group A, the D/W ratio of lung tissues in group B was higher (P < 0.05). In both groups, the pulmonary vein partial pressure of oxygen reached the peak at 2 h after perfusion, which did not significantly differ between two groups (P > 0.05). In group B, the pulmonary artery pressure was increased at a lower speed and significantly lower after perfusion, and the lactic acid level in the perfusate was significantly lower than those in group A (all P < 0.05). In group A, the alveolar structure was largely destroyed and the cells was rare. In group B, the alveolar structure was relatively normal without evident cell edema. The incidence of cell apoptosis of donor lung was high in group A, whereas no obvious cell apoptosis of donor lung was noted in group B. After perfusion for 4 h, the levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and IL-6 were significantly increased, the IL-4 levels were remarkably decreased (all P < 0.05), but the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) did not significantly change in both groups (all P > 0.05). Conclusions IL-10 may improve the function of donor lung after EVLP in rat of cardiac death by reducing cell apoptosis.

BACKGROUND:The anterior cruciate ligament has unique nonlinear mechanical properties under a complex physiological loading environment.Elastin is an important contributor to the mechanical properties of the anterior cruciate ligament,but its mechanical response to the anterior cruciate ligament under axial tension is not clear. OBJECTIVE:To quantitatively analyze the effect of elastin on the tensile mechanical response of the anterior cruciate ligament. METHODS:Elastase solution and control buffer were prepared.The porcine anterior cruciate ligament samples were prepared into small-size samples and randomly soaked in 0,0.1,1.0,2.0,5.0,and 10.0 U/mL elastase solution for 6 hours,and other small samples of the same size were soaked in 2 U/mL elastase solution for 0,1,3,6,9,and 12 hours.To determine suitable soaking conditions for elastin-targeted enzymes and verify the digestive effect,histological staining was used to compare the effects of enzyme treatment on tissue structure and composition.The ligament samples were randomly divided into elastase-treated group and PBS group,and immersed in 2 U/mL elastase solution and PBS buffer for 6 hours,respectively.A mechanical tensile test was performed before and after immersion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The biochemical results showed that being treated in 2 U/mL elastase solution for 6 hours could reduce the elastin content by 31.1%,and had no significant effect on other mechanical-related components in the tissue.(2)The histological results showed that elastase was able to penetrate the tissue,and the loose degree of tissue increased after treatment.(3)In the mechanical results before and after treatment,the mechanical properties of the PBS group decreased significantly,only the low-tension elastic modulus increased significantly and the initial length increased significantly in the elastase-treated group.(4)The intergroup comparison results showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in pre-treatment,but the low-tension elastic modulus,initial slopes,saturated slopes,and initial length of the elastase-treated group after treatment were significantly higher than those in the PBS group.(5)These results suggest that elastin degradation significantly affects the biomechanical properties of the anterior cruciate ligament and further complements our understanding of the structure-function relationship of the anterior cruciate ligament.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics and predisposing factors associated with preoperative anemia in adult femoral shaft fractures.Methods:A retrospective analysis of clinical data from 157 patients presenting with femoral shaft fractures admitted to the department of orthopedics at Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital between June 2018 and June 2022 was conducted. The study cohort comprised 106 males and 51 females, with an average age of 45.06 ± 14.32 years (range: 18-65 years). Based on hemoglobin levels measured within 2 days of admission, patients were stratified into two groups: anemia group (Hb<120 g/L in adult males and Hb<110 g/L in adult females) and non-anemia group. General demographic information, AO fracture types, and clinical characteristics, as well as the results of laboratory examinations for both groups were collected. Subsequently, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted.Results:Out of the 157 patients with femoral shaft fractures, 118 (75.2%) exhibited preoperative anemia (the anemia group). Among them, 75 cases were male, and 43 cases were female, with an average age of 45.84±14.23 years (range: 18-65 years). In terms of fracture AO type, 41 cases were classified as 32A, 19 as 32B, and 58 as 32C. Regarding fracture location, 14 were situated in the upper 1/3 of the femoral shaft, 67 in the middle 1/3, and 37 in the lower 1/3. The causes of injury included 63 cases of motor vehicle accidents, 5 cases of blunt trauma, 40 cases of falls, and 10 cases of other falls, with 65 cases involving multiple injuries. Conversely, 39 patients (24.8%) did not exhibit preoperative anemia (the non-anemia group). Of these, 31 were male, and 8 were female, with an average age of 42.72 ± 14.51 years (range: 19-65 years). In terms of fracture AO type, 24 cases were classified as 32A, 5 as 32B, and 10 as 32C. Regarding fracture location, 3 were situated in the upper 1/3 of the femoral shaft, 19 in the middle 1/3, and 17 in the lower 1/3. The causes of injury included 13 cases of motor vehicle accidents, 5 cases of blunt trauma, 20 cases of falls, and 1 other fall, with 8 cases involving multiple injuries. Univariate analysis revealed statistically significant differences between preoperative anemia and AO fracture type, mechanism of injury, multiple injuries, time from injury to hospital admission, albumin levels, and age ( P< 0.05). Multifactorial logistic regression analysis identified AO type 32C ( OR=3.12, P=0.020), blunt trauma injuries ( OR=0.13, P=0.021), reduced albumin levels ( OR=9.90, P=0.037), and multiple injuries ( OR=3.65, P=0.016) as risk factors for preoperative anemia. Multifactorial logistic regression further revealed that multiple injuries ( OR=5.20, P=0.004) and reduced albumin levels ( OR=5.47, P=0.001) were risk factors for the severity of anemia. Conclusion:AO type 32C fractures, blunt trauma injuries, reduced albumin levels, and multiple injuries were identified as potential contributors to the development of preoperative anemia, with multiple injuries and reduced albumin levels exacerbating the severity of anemia. Clinicians should be vigilant for the occurrence of preoperative anemia in adult femoral shaft fracture patients, particularly those with blunt trauma injuries, multiple injuries, hypoalbuminemia, and AO type 32C fractures.