Objective To determine a method for amplification of cytochrome C oxidase subunit Ⅰ (CO Ⅰ) gene of Brandt's vole.Methods 发he Brandt's Voles were captured in Abagaqi Xilingol League Inner Mongolia,and DNA was extracted from liver tissue.CO Ⅰ gene was amplified by nested PCR and sequenced afterwards.Results A band of 657 bp and 1 132 bp was amplified by internal and external PCR primers,respectively,which were consistent with expected sizes.A total of 12 segments of Brandt's Vole CO Ⅰ gene sequences were amplified by PCR and verified by sequencing.一he sequence number was KF182196-KF182207 in GenBank.After gene sequence alignment of the 12 CO Ⅰ gene sequences,it was found that the similarity was 100％,and no base mutation.Conclusion CO Ⅰ gene of Brandt's Vole could be amplified by nested PCR without pseudo gene.

Objective To illustrate more accurately the feasibility of DNA barcode technology in species identification in different geographical areas.Methods Four plague host animals were selected from three plague natural foci in Inner Mongolia for DNA barcode comparison,GC base content,codon preference and genetic distance calculation,and a phylogenetic tree was constructed.Results Compared between different foci of A llactaga sibirica,the difference of base content was statistically significant (F =5.34,P ＜ 0.05);the variation of Meriones unguiculatus focus Allactaga sibirica base content was larger,and compared with other foci Allactaga sibirica,the difference was statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).Different foci between one species rarely exist in codon sites.The genetic distance of intraspecific was less than 1％,and the genetic distance of interspecific was more than 18％.Conclusions DNA barcode of each species is specific,with no interspecific species sharing,and does not change with geographical position.Molecular identification of plague host animal is effective by DNA barcode.

Objective:To understand the change trend of people's condition in tea drinking endemic fluorosis area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and to provide scientific basis for formulating prevention and control strategies.Methods:From 2009 to 2018, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in 30 villages of 6 banners (counties) of drinking tea type of endemic fluorosis of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The tea drinking habits of residents were investigated. Ten families were selected from each monitoring village to collect brick tea samples, and the fluorine content in brick tea was detected for health risk assessment. In each monitoring village, one water sample was collected from each drinking water source. Fluoride ion selective electrode method was used to detect fluorine in tea and water. The prevalence of dental fluorosis in children aged 8-12 years old was examined and the X-ray examination and analysis were carried out for all the permanent residents aged 36-45 years and living in the local area for more than 5 years.Results:From 2009 to 2018, a total of 3 000 brick tea samples were collected. The geometric mean value of tea fluorine was 522.01 mg/kg, and the annual per capita consumption of brick tea by permanent residents was 2.52 kg. The average daily intake of fluorine in brick tea was 4.11 mg. According to the standard of "Total Fluoride Intake of Population" (WS/T 87-2016), there were 6 years of risk quotient > 1 in 10 years, while according to the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend standard, there were 5 years of risk quotient > 1. From 2012 to 2018, 210 water samples were detected, and the geometric mean value of fluorine in water was 0.90 mg/L, and the qualified rate was 84.76% (178/210). A total of 5 384 children aged 8-12 years old were examined and 1 562 dental fluorosis patients were detected. The total detection rate of dental fluorosis in children was 29.01% (1 562/5 384), and the dental fluorosis index was 0.62 (very mild). A total of 1 890 adults aged 36 to 45 years old were examined by X-ray. The detection rate of skeletal fluorosis was 18.10% (342/1 890). There were 77 patients with moderate and severe skeletal fluorosis.Conclusions:The brick tea fluorine content of residents in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is high, and there are health risks. The dental fluorosis of children aged 8-12 years old is very mild, and there are still moderate and severe skeletal fluorosis patients in adults. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision of brick tea market and strengthen health education for residents.

Objective To provide a basis for development of preventive measures through dynamical monitoring of the changing trends of endemic fluorosis areas and the prevalence of drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis.Methods Using simple random sampling method,thirty monitoring villages in 11 counties of Inner Mongolia were selected as fixed monitoring villages from 2012 to 2016.The operation of water improvement projects was investigated,and water fluoride content was tested.Dental fluorosis of all 8 to 12-year-old students was diagnosed in the villages.Stratified random sampling by age was used to select 50 adults over 25-year-old in each monitoring village,and skeletal fluorosis was examined by X-ray.Results ①In 2012-2016,the water-improved rate of monitoring villages was 78.67％ (118/150).Of all the water-improved projects,normal operating projects accounted for 92.98％ (106/114).The exceeded rate of water fluoride in water-improved village was 31.36％ (37/118).②The detection rate of dental fluorosis and community fluorosis index (CFI) in children aged 8-12 of the villages with normal operating projects and qualified fluoride content were 20.88％ (533/2 553) and 0.41;the detection rate of dental fluorosis and CFI of the villages with water-improved projects under abnormal operation or excessive fluoride were 49.53％ (318/642) and 0.98;the detection rate of dental fluorosis and CFI of the villages without water-improved projects were 37.14％ (442/1 190) and 0.76.③The detection rate of X-ray skeletal fluorosis in adults of the villages with normal operating projects and qualified fluoride content was 18.97％ (140/738);the detection rate of X-ray skeletal fluorosis in adults of the villages with water-improved projects under abnormal operation or excessive fluoride was 31.53％ (111/352);the detection rate of X-ray in adults of the villages without water improvement projects was 31.17％ (96/308).Conclusions Up to now,in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,some villages have not yet improved their drinking water quality,water fluoride content in some projects has exceeded the standard seriously,the prevalence of dental fluorosis in children aged 8-12 is very mild,there are still moderate and severe endemic areas.So the orevention and control measures of the water-improved defluoridation need to be further strengthened.

Objective To understand the operating condition of water-improvement projects and the prevalence trends of dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 in drinking-water-type fluorosis areas in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Inner Mongolia),and to evaluate the effectiveness of control measures.Methods In 2013-2016,ten counties were sampled from all fluorosis counties in Inner Mongolia,and 3 villages were then sampled as fixed monitoring villages in each selected county.The monitored villages were divided into 3 groups according to the condition whether the village had improved water quality,the project operating condition and whether the fluorine content of water was qualified.The operating condition of water-improvement projects,the fluorine content of water and the prevalence of dental fluorosis of all children aged 8 to 12 were investigated.Results Both the number of water improvement-projects (22,22,23 and 24 projects) and the number of villages with water-improvement projects (22,23,24 and 26 villages) were increased from 2013 to 2016,the normal operation rates of water-improvement projects were 90.91％ (20/22)-95.83％ (23/24).The water fluoride content was compared among qualified water-improved villages,unqualified water-improved villages and water-unimproved villages [(0.83 ± 0.27),(1.77 ± 0.72),(2.31 ± 1.02) mg/L],the differences were statistically significant (F =60.889,P ＜ 0.05),the water fluorosis content of qualified water-improved villages was lower than that of unqualified water-improved villages and water-unimproved villages,respectively (P ＜ 0.05).The detection rate of children's dental fluorosis was compared among the 3 groups [21.48％ (441/2 053),48.68％ (240/493),37.02％ (308/832)],the differences were statistically significant (x2 =171.889,P ＜ 0.05),the detection rate of children's dental fluorosis of qualified water-improved villages was lower than that of unqualified water-improved villages and water-unimproved villages,respectively (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion The prevalence of children's dental fluorosis in Inner Mongolia has been controlled to some degree,and the water-improvement projects that in good working condition play an important role in prevention and control of dental fluorosis.

Inner Mongolia is a region where drinking-water-type endemic fluorosis is seriously prevalent.Huge sums of manpower and financial resources have been invested by Inner Mongolia government in prevention and control of drinking-water-type endemic fluorosis since 1980s,from which some remarkable achievements have been made.However,the current prevention and control work is still difficult due to the wide distribution and complex geological and geomorphological conditions of the drinking-water-type endemic fluorosis.After recent investigation of the disease area conditions,the author has grasped the actual problems in the disease area and the prevention and control work,and pondered the corresponding prevention and control countermeasures.The results are summarized to provide some ideas for prevention and control of endemic fluorosis.

Objective:To master the operating situation of water-improvement, water fluoride content and the disease trends in drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis areas in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.Methods:From 2009 to 2018, 30 diseased villages (Tun, hereinafter referred to as village) in 11 cities (districts, banners and counties) were selected as fixed monitoring sites in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region for 10 consecutive years to investigate the operation status of the water-improvement project and water fluoride content; the prevalence of dental fluorosis in all children aged 8 to 12 in the monitoring sites were checked.Results:From 2009 to 2018, the water-improving rate of monitoring villages increased from 70.00% (21/30) in 2009 to 86.67% (26/30) in 2018, the ratio of beneficiary population raised from 82.94% (20 921/25 224) to 96.84% (18 513/19 118); the normal operation rate of water-improvement project increased from 85.71% (18/21) to 95.65% (22/23), and the water fluoride qualification rate of the water-improvement project increased from 61.90% (13/21) to 82.61% (19/23). The water fluoride content of the village with water-improvement project was 1.00 - 1.44 mg/L, and that of the village without water-improvement project was 2.15 - 2.69 mg/L. The water fluoride content of the village with water-improvement project was lower than that of the village without water-improvement project in each year ( P < 0.05). From 2009 to 2018, the total detection rate of dental fluorosis was 27.95% (2 610/9 339), the community fluorosis index was 0.56, and the epidemic intensity was marginal. There was significant difference in the detection rate of children's dental fluorosis between different years (χ 2 = 484.195, P < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the detection rate of dental fluorosis of villages with normal operation of water-improvement project and qualified water fluoride, villages with abnormal operation of water-improvement project or excessive water fluoride content, and villages without water-improvement (χ 2 = 210.73, 143.60, 22.67, P < 0.01). The results showed that the detection rate of children's dental fluorosis in the villages with normal operation of water-improvement project and qualified water fluoride content was lower than that in the villages with abnormal operation of water-improvement project or excessive water fluoride content and the villages without water- improvement ( P < 0.05). Conclusions:The improvement of water quality and the reduction of fluoride in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region have achieved remarkable results, but there are still some water-improvement projects and villages with serious water fluoride exceeding the standard. The fluorosis has not been fully controlled, and it is still necessary to further strengthen the work of water-improvement, and the management and protection after water-improvement.

Objective To explore the effect of posterior debridement, grafting and internal fixation for treatment of non-specific lumbar intervertebral infection. Methods Clinical data of 20 patients with non-specific lumbar intervertebral infection treated in General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University from October 2013 to June 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 15 males and 5 females with an average age of 41 years (range, 36-51 years). All patients suffered from single lumbar inter-vertebral infection, including 3 cases at L2/3,4 at L3/4,10 at L4/5 and 3 at L5/S1. All 20 cases underwent one-stage posterior debride-ment, autogenous bone grafting and internal fixation, tissue samples in focus were collected for bacterial culture and pathological examination. The disease controlling statues were evaluated based on laboratory results of ESR and CRP. Imaging examinations were taken to evaluate the fusion of vertebral body. Clinical effects were evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) and the Jap-anese Orthopaedic Association scores (JOA) score of lumbar fumction. Results All patients underwent the surgery successfully. The surgery duration time was 90-160 min, average 125 min, and the blood loss was 200-700 ml, average 360 ml. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred in one case. Postoperatively, all patients experienced significant reliefof back pain, improving in the func-tion of movement, and no fever. The lower back VAS score: average (5.35 ± 1.15) points before operation , average (2.76 ± 0.34) points one week after operation, and an average score of (0.85±0.65) points by the last follow-up time. JOA lumbar function score:all patients were effective after operation, the improvement rate was excellent in 65%(13cases), good in 25%(5 cases), and pass-able in 10%(2cases). Comparing with preoperation, the excellent and good rate was 90%. All patients ESR and CRP returned to normal levels at the last follow-up. Ordinary bacterial culture was positive in 8 cases and negative in 12 cases. The pathogens iden-tified were staphylococcus aureus (6 cases), Escherichia coli (2 cases) and staphylococcus epidermidis (2cases). All incisions achieved primary healing. All patients were followed up from 6-18 months (average,12 months), and the symptom of pain relieved significantly. No recurrent infection had happened. A solid bony fusion was found in all patients at 6-14 months (average, 8.5 months) after the surgery. Conclusion Posterior debridement, grafting and internal fixation are effective treatments for non-spe-cific lumbar intervertebral infection, can reduce the time of staying in hospital, this operation is safe and reliable.

Objective:To investigate the epidemic scope and intensity of drinking water type endemic arsenic poisoning in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, as well as the prevalence and influencing factors, in order to provide scientific basis for precise formulation of prevention and control measures.Methods:A sampling survey was conducted on residents' drinking water in all villages and counties in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, water samples were selected according to different water supply methods (engineering water supply, physical and chemical water purification, and decentralized water supply), and the arsenic content was detected by atomic fluorescence method. The "Diagnosis of Endemic Arsenicosis" (WS/T 211-2015) was used for diagnosis of arsenic poisoning among all permanent residents who were exposing to or had been exposed to excessively high arsenic water, in order to search all the arsenic poisoning patients. Analyze the distribution of water arsenic in the historical disease areas and high arsenic villages and newly discovered high arsenic villages, and explore the prevalence and influencing factors of arsenic poisoning.Results:There were a total of 1 186 historical disease areas and high arsenic villages in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, mainly distributed in 28 banner counties of 8 league cities such as Bayannur, Hohhot and Baotou, with a regional distribution trend of more in the west and less in the east. At present, the water improvement rate in the historical disease areas and high arsenic villages was 98.23% (1 165/1 186), and the qualified rate of arsenic content in the water was 99.83% (1 184/1 186). The arsenic content in the water of historical disease areas and high arsenic villages ranged from 0.000 to 0.093 mg/L. Four newly discovered villages with arsenic exceeding standards had been found, and their arsenic content ranged from 0.074 to 0.142 mg/L. A total of 2 249 patients with arsenic poisoning were detected in the confirmed disease area/high arsenic villages, and the detection rate was 1.67% (2 249/134 645). The number of patients in Bayannur City was the largest with the most severe disease, accounting for 82.70% (1 860/2 249). Patients aged 60 and above accounted for 61.41% of the total cases (1 381/2 249), which was higher than other age groups (χ 2 = 840.52, P < 0.001). The detection rate of arsenic poisoning was higher in males than in females (χ 2 = 132.38, P < 0.001). There are statistically significant differences in the detection rate and severity distribution of arsenic poisoning patients among different water arsenic content groups(χ 2 = 1 557.85, 1 741.05, P < 0.001). Conclusions:After years of prevention and control work, the arsenic content in most historical disease areas and high arsenic villages in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is currently qualified, and some areas have water arsenic exceeding standards or newly discovered villages with arsenic exceeding standards. At the same time, there are still a large number of arsenic poisoning patients in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. In the future, the prevention and control of endemic arsenic poisoning in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region cannot be relaxed, and it is necessary to strengthen water quality monitoring and improve water quality in newly discovered villages with arsenic exceeding standards to prevent the occurrence of new cases.

Objective:To investigate the distribution of arsenic content in drinking water of residents in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and to provide a scientific basis for formulation of detailed prevention and control measures for endemic arsenic poisoning.Methods:From 2017 to 2019, water arsenic survey was carried out in all natural villages in 103 banners (counties, districts) of 12 leagues (cities) in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and drinking water samples were collected according to different water supply modes (engineering water supply, physical and chemical water purification, decentralized water supply). Among them, engineering water supply: one factory water sample was collected from each water modification project in dry season and wet season; and one terminal water sample was collected in historical arsenism area/high arsenic exposed villages covered by the project. Physical and chemical water purification: one water sample was collected from each household. Decentralized water supply: in historical arsenism area/high arsenic exposed villages, one water sample was collected from each household; in the villages with historical qualified water arsenic, one household was selected according to the five directions of east, south, west, north and middle, and one water sample was collected from each household. The content of arsenic in water was detected by atomic fluorescence spectrometry and a distribution map of water samples with excessive arsenic was drawn using ArcGIS 10.2 software.Results:A total of 90 455 water samples were collected, including 31 617 water samples for engineering water supply, 2 702 water samples for physical and chemical water purification, and 56 136 water samples for decentralized water supply. The medians of water arsenic content of engineering water supply, physical and chemical water purification, and decentralized water supply were 1.00, 1.00 and 0.50 μg/L, respectively, and the differences among different water supply modes were statistically significant (χ 2 = 1 147.831, P < 0.05). A total of 486 water samples with excessive arsenic were detected, the detection rate was 0.54% (486/90 455). The detection rates of water samples with excessive arsenic in engineering water supply and decentralized water supply were 1.48% (469/31 617) and 0.03% (17/56 136), the detection rate of water samples with excessive arsenic in engineering water supply was higher than that in decentralized water supply (χ 2 = 775.401, P < 0.05); there was no water samples with excessive arsenic in physical and chemical water purification. The top three areas with the detection rates of water samples with excessive arsenic were Bayannaoer [15.38% (343/2 230)], Hohhot [2.00% (86/4 293)], and Ordos [0.85% (50/5 848)]. ArcGIS 10.2 software showed that the water samples with excessive arsenic were mainly distributed in the western region in the shape of focal and block, and only existed sporadically in the eastern region. Conclusions:The detection rate of water samples with excessive arsenic in engineering water supply in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is high, the water samples with excessive arsenic are mainly distributed in the western region in the shape of focal and block, and sporadically in the eastern region. The management and supervision of engineering water supply should be strengthened, in areas where the water arsenic exceeds the standard, we should take physical and chemical water purification measures, such as change water sources, increase water purification equipment, and improve water purification technology to reduce arsenic hazards, so as to ensure that residents can drink qualified water.