Objective To investigate the knowledge,attitude and behavior of medical staffs on foodborne diseases.Methods To investigate the knowledge,attitude and behavior of medical staffs on foodborne diseases by random sampling following the questionnaire.Results There were 332 medical workers attending the survey.The medical staffs were lack of knowledge for foodborne disease,percent of pass was 34.33％.The pass rate of attitude and behavior were 88.88％ and 98.19％.The knowledge score of medical staff of top three hospital (6.49± 2.18)were lower than the community health service center(7.04±2.26) (P＜0.05),but attitude and behavior score of this two staffs had not statistical differences(P＞0.05).Conclusion It is necessary to help medical staff to improve the attitude of foodborne diseases,and improve the monitoring of underreporting case.

Objective Based on the theory of"lung governs the skin and hair"in"Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic",this paper analyzes the medication rules of whitening and freckle-removing.The aim of this study is to provide reference for the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)theory and the medication in TCM cosmetics.Methods"Chinese Medical Classics"was used to search the records of whitening and freckle-related drugs.The frequency,nature,flavor,meridian tropism and compatibility laws of TCM for whitening and freckle-removal were analyzed by statistics and association rules.The network pharmacology research was used to analyze the whitening and freckle-removing effects and mechanisms of high-frequency drugs.Then,the potential active ingredients were analyzed.The whitening and anti-freckle effect was verified through cytotoxicity experiments and melanin content detection.Results A total of 171 external prescriptions were selected in eligible articles,including 261 Chinese medicinals,most of which were pungent and belong to the lung meridian.The most frequently used Chinese medicinals was"Erbai Yixin"(EBYX,Angelicae Dahuricae Radix,Typhonii Rhizoma,Asari Radix et Rhizoma).Network pharmacological analysis showed that the core targets of EBYX for whitening and removing freckles are TP53,EGFR,ALB,etc.,which are mainly involved in oxygen perception and response,skin immune regulation,skin cell growth,differentiation,stress,inflammatory response,and other biological processes.Based on the results of molecular docking,biological analysis proved that the active ingredients of EBYX are chrysophanol,gallic acid and caffeic acid,which have inhibitory effects on the proliferation of melanoma cells and melanin production.Conclusion Most of the ancient prescriptions for whitening and removing freckles are pungent and belong to the lung meridian,which embodies the theory of"lung governs the skin and hair".The high-frequency drug EBYX may play a role by regulating skin redox,immunity and inflammation.The active ingredients of EBYX have an inhibitory effect on melanin formation.This study enriches the scientific connotation of TCM whitening and freckle-removing prescriptions based on the theory of"lung governs the skin and hair",realizes interdisciplinary integration and provides support for the modernization of TCM.

To evaluate five methods in the estimation on the rate of case fatality during the epidemics of diseases based on the summarizing data. Case fatality rates,derived from the simulation data,2003 SARS epidemic data in Hong Kong,Singapore Beijing and the 2013 H7N9 epidemic data in mainland China were analyzed,using these 5 methods. Results from the simulation analysis discovered that the relative errors and the standard deviations of the Chen[7,8] (method 3),Chen[9] (method 4) were minor with high accuracy. Data from the analysis on 2003 SARS epidemic was noticed that the estimation from method 3,4 in Hong Kong and Singapore both showing high veracities. Since the case fatality rate reported in Beijing was not a constant value,method 5 showed low accuracy even though it was close to the final case fatality rate. Data from the 2013 H7N9 epidemic showed that the estimations of method 1,2,3,4 were all higher than that in the method 5, suggesting that method 3,4 could be used to estimate the case fatality rates of epidemics more precisely.

To evaluate five methods in the estimation on the rate of case fatality during the epidemics of diseases based on the summarizing data. Case fatality rates, derived from the simulation data, 2003 SARS epidemic data in Hong Kong, Singapore Beijing and the 2013 H7N9 epidemic data in mainland China were analyzed, using these 5 methods. Results from the simulation analysis discovered that the relative errors and the standard deviations of the Chen [7, 8] (method 3), Chen [9] (method 4)were minor with high accuracy. Data from the analysis on 2003 SARS epidemic was noticed that the estimation from method 3, 4 in Hong Kong and Singapore both showing high veracities. Since the case fatality rate reported in Beijing was not a constant value, method 5 showed low accuracy even though it was close to the final case fatality rate. Data from the 2013 H7N9 epidemic showed that the estimations of method 1, 2, 3, 4 were all higher than that in the method 5, suggesting that method 3, 4 could be used to estimate the case fatality rates of epidemics more precisely.
China ; epidemiology ; Hong Kong ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype ; Influenza, Human ; mortality ; Regression Analysis ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ; mortality

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Akt2 inhibitor on macrophage polarization in the periapical tissue in a rat model of periapical inflammation. METHODS: Rat models of periapical inflammation were established in 28 normal SD rats by opening the pulp cavity of the mandibular first molars, followed by injection of normal saline and Akt2 inhibitor into the left and right medullary cavities, respectively. Four rats without any treatment served as the healthy control group. At 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after modeling, 7 rat models and 1 control rat were randomly selected for observation of inflammatory infiltration in the periapical tissues by X-ray and HE staining. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression and localization of Akt2, macrophages and the inflammatory mediators. RT-PCR was performed to detect the mRNA expressions of Akt2, CD86, CD163, inflammatory mediators, miR-155-5p and C/EBPβ to analyze the changes in macrophage polarization. RESULTS: X-ray and HE staining showed that periapical inflammation was the most obvious at 21 days after modeling in the rats. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR showed that compared with those in the control rats, the expressions of Akt2, CD86, CD163, miR-155-5p, C/EBPβ, and IL-10 increased significantly in the rat models at 21 days (P < 0.05). Compared with saline treatment, treatment with the Akt2 inhibitor significantly decreased the expression levels of Akt2, CD86, miR-155-5p and IL-6 and the ratio of CD86⁺M1/CD163⁺M2 macrophages (P < 0.05) and increased the expression levels of CD163, C/EBPβ and IL-10 in the rat models (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Inhibition of Akt2 can delay the progression of periapical inflammation in rats and promote M2 macrophage polarization in the periapical inflammatory microenvironment possibly by reducing miR-155-5p expression and activating the expression of C/EBPβ in the Akt signaling pathway.
Rats ; Animals ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism* ; MicroRNAs/genetics* ; Interleukin-10 ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Macrophages/metabolism* ; Inflammation/metabolism*