Objective To evaluate the protective effect of midazolam (MID) on PC 12 cells against injury induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) -Methods The differentiated PC12 cell strain was isolated and cultured in DMEM full nutrient liquid medium and incubated in CO2 incubator at 37℃ and 5 % CO2 for 3-4 days. The experiment consisted of 3 groups : (1) control group; (2) NMDA group and (3) MID treatment group. In NMDA group NMDA 300 ?mol?L-1 was added to DMEM liquid medium. MID group was further divided into five subgroups according to different concentrations of midazolam (MID) added to DMEM liquid medium in addition to NMDA 300 ?mol?L-1 :MID Ⅰ -Ⅴ subgroups (midazolam 0.33, 1, 3, 10, 30?mol?L-1 ). The PC 12 cells were then cultured for another few hours. Cellular viability was assessed by lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) assay and MTT assay. Meanwhile the [Ca2+ ] was measured by Fura-2/AM fluorescence and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was measured with ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Results Exposure to NMDA 300 ?mol?L-1 for 4 h resulted in increase in release of LDH from PC 12 cells and decrease in optical density (OD570nm) absorbed by living cells, indicating that NMDA induced injury to PC12 cells. The presence of midazolam 0.33, 1, 3, 10 ?mol?L-1 ( MID subgroup I -IV ) decreased LDH release and increased OD570nm value. Exposure to NMDA 300 ?mol?L-1 for 4h also resulted in increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+ ];) and NOS activity in PC 12 cells. Midazolam 3 and 30?mol?L-1 significantly decreased [Ca2+ ]; and NOS activity as compared with NMDA group.Conclusion Midazolam can attenuate the NMDA-induced injury to PC12 cells, decrease the Ca2+ overloading and NOS activity in PC 12 cells. The inhibitory effects of midazolam on [Ca2+ ]; overloading and NOS activity may be involved in the mechanism of its protective action.

Objective To observe the effect of midazolam (MID) on amino acid levels in cultured PC12 cells challenged by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), and to explore the possible protective action of midazolam which is an anesthetic. Methods Cultured PC12 cells were divided into control group, NMDA group, and MID group. In NMDA group, PC12 cells were challenged by 300?mol/L NMDA in vitro. In MID group, 3?mol/L or 30?mol/L of MID was added to the challenged PC12 cell culture, thus forming two subgroups. After being treated with NMDA 300?mol/L for 4 hours, the PC12 cells were collected, rinsed, levigated and centrifuged (12 000r/min for 20min, at 4℃), then the supernatant liquid was collected. The levels of amino acids were determined with high performance liquid chromatograpy (HPLC). Results After exposing to NMDA 300?mol/L for 4 hours, the level of glutamate released from PC12 cells rose significantly, whereas the level of glutamine, aparatate and glycine remained unchanged. In the presence of MID 3?mol/L and 30?mol/L for 4 hours, the level of glutamate was lowered significantly (P

Objective To observe the influence of propofol on amino acid levels in cultured PC12 cells impaired by N-methyl-D-aspartate, and explore the possible protective action mechanism of anesthetic propofol. Methods The levels of amino acid were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results After exposing to NMDA 300?mol/L for 4h, the release of glutamate levels from PC12 cells was increased significantly, whereas the release of glutamine, aspartate, and glysine levels remained unchanged. In the presence of propofol 12.5, 125?mol/L for 4h, the levels of glutamate decreased significantly (P

Objective To evaluate clinical the effects and significance of the occurence and development of varies intervention on control of acute lung injury(ALI)in clinical practice.Methods Sixty-nine ALI patients were randomly divided into three groups:traditional ventilation therapy group(n=17),low dose ulinastatin intervention with traditional ventilation therapy group(n=24)and high dose ulinastatin intervention in lung protective ventilation therapy group(n=28).We compared the changes of pneumodynamics,arterial blood gas and hemodynamics among these groups.Resident time in ICU,time course of mechanical ventilation and mortality of these groups were also compared.Results Large dose ulinastatin intervention in lung protective ventilation therapy group had further improved influence on pneumodynamics,arterial blood gas and puhnonary oxygenation than other groups(P＜0.05)and no mechanical ventilation induced lung injury was found in the group.There were no obvious differences in pneumodynamics,arterial blood gas and pulmonary oxygenation between the other two groups(P＞0.05).Lung injuries induced by mechanical ventilation were all observed in these two groups.There were no obvious differences in hemodynamics among the three groups(P＞0.05).Conclusions Large dose ulinastatin intervention in lung protective ventilation can improve pneumodynamics,arterial blood gas and pulmonary oxygenation of ALI patients.It could decrease the incidence of ventilator induced lung injury(VILI).The treatment should been applied prospectively in clinical practice.

Objective Blood lactic acid(LA) and glucose(Glu) level are important parameters of anaerobic glycolysis and can be used to assess the severity of brain injury and cerebral metabolism. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effect of propofol on traumatic brain injury by measuring blood and CSF level of LA and Glu in addition to microscopic and NSE immunohistochemical examination of brain tissue. Methods Ninety New Zealand rabbits weighing 2.6-3.0 kg were used . Traumatic brain injury model was established according to Wang's method. Part Ⅰ . Twenty rabbits were divided into two groups of ten animal each. Blood and CSF samples were taken before and 4h, 24h, 48h, 72h and 1 week after trauma for determination of LA and Glu levels. Propofol group received propofol 30mg' kg-1?h-1 infusion for 30 min in addition to ketamine 1mg/kg before each collection of samples. PartⅡ . Seventy rabbits were divided into seven groups with ten animals in each group. Brain tissues were taken before and 24h, 72h, and 1 week after trauma for microscopic and NES immunohistochemical examination. Propofol group received infusion of 30 propofol mg kg-1 h-1 for 30 mm every day. In control group animals received same amount of normal saline. Results Blood and CSF levels of LA increased significantly after trauma in both groups but were significantly higher in control group than those in propofol group at corresponding intervals. Blood and CSF Glu levels decreased significantly in control group after trauma but in propofol group blood Glu level decreased only at 4h and 24h after trauma and CSF Glu level at 24h after trauma. There was significant difference in blood and CSF levels of Glu after trauma between the two groups. In both groups microscopic examination of brain tissue showed hemorrhage, degeneration, decrease in glial cells and vacuolization of some neuron in brain tissue of injured and surrounding areas at 24h after trauma, infiltration of neutrophils at 72h after trauma and cerebral interstitial edema and glial cell proliferation at 1 week after trauma. Neurons showed no NSE expression. In propofol group the above mentioned changes were relatively slight. Conclusions Propofol can significantly reduce blood and CSF LA levels after trauma and protect the animal from traumatic brain injury. Further studies are needed on the dosage and method of administration of propofol.

Objective To observe the effects of propofol on the cytokine release from human monocytic cell line (THP1) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods THP1 cells cultured in vitro, and they were divided into 3 groups: 0 ?g/ml LPS group, 1 ?g/ml LPS group and 1?g/ml LPS+50?mol/L propofol group, respectively, and incubated for 12 hours. Then the supernatant was collected from each culture for the determination of the levels of granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-? (IFN-?), tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF-?) and interleukin (IL)-1?, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12 by using LiquiChip system. Propol was added to the culture fluid of THP1 cells in the final concentrations of 0, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100?mol/L (for the groups B, C, D, E and F, respectively), with 1?g/ml LPS. 12 hours later the supernatants were collected to detect the levels of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-?. Culture fluid without LPS and propofol (group A) was used as control. Results The levels of IL-1?, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-? were elevated obviously in group L than that in control group (P0.05). In group L+P, levels of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-? were significantly lower than that in group L (P

Objective To investigate the effects of dilution of whole blood in vitro with different amount of normal saline on blood coagulation.Methods Nineteen healthy adult volunteers were enrolled in the present study.Venous blood samples obtained from each volunteer were diluted with normal saline in saline/blood ratio(v/v) of 2∶8(20%),3∶7(30%),4∶6(40%),5∶5(50%) and 6∶4(60%).Undiluted blood was considered as control.Coagulability of each group was determined with Sonoclot coagulation and platelet function analyzer,including activated clotting time(ACT),clot rate(CR),time to peak(TP),maximal clot signal(MCS),and platelet function(PF).Results 1) ACT: Compared with control value,ACT was significantly shortened with 20% dilution(P

0 05). CI, SvO 2 , DO 2 were decreased significantly in the early 5min of the anhepatic stage( P

Objective This study was to investigate the management of hemodynamics during operation in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Method Hemodynamic parameters were monitored during operation. Norepinephrine, epinephrine or dopamine, as well as nitroglycerin or PGE 1 were used in 21 cases to maintain a stable hemodynamics. Results Our data demonstrated that rational use of norepinephrine and epinephrine was beneficial in maintaining vital organ perfusion and improving tissue oxygenation. Compared with PGE 1, nitroglycerin was shown to be more controllable in lowering pulmonary artery hypertension, and notably, it significantly increased renal blood flow. Conclusion The results of this sudy indicated that in addition to fluid resuscitation, different combinations of vasoactive agents were beneficial in maintaining hemodynamic stability

Objective To monitor and modulate the coagulation disorder during operation in patients undergiong allogeneic liver transplantation. Methods PT, TT, APTT, FIB, HB, PLT count, sonoclot coagulation and platelet function were measured dynamically in 10 patients during anesthesia and operation. Results After coagulants were used, the above parameters pertaining to coagulation function were improved obviously. All of above coagulation parameters were severely abnormal in the period from 30 minutes before anesthesia to 20 minutes after portal vein recirculation. The hypocoagulability was significantly improved at the end of operation by target supplementation of prothrombin complex, fibrinogen, fresh platelets, and other coagulants, complementing large amount of fresh blood plasma. Notably, severe hemorrhage and thrombosis leading to re-operation did not happen in all the recepients. Conclusion The relationship of the local hypercoagubility at the anastomosis and the systemic hypocoagulation should be concerned to prevent coagulation and thrombosis during operation of liver transplantation.