Cryptococcus neoformans is an important conditional pathogenic fungus;the capsular polysaccharide surrounding its outer wall is the first identified major toxic factor of Cryptococcus neoformans.This review summarizes the progress in the research of capsule characteristics and dynamics of Cryptococcus neoformans,including the structural changes,tissue constitution,development and growth,etc,hoping to provide a basis and new ideas for studying Cryptococcus neoformans related diseases.

目的探讨非完全同步影像尿动力学检查的临床应用意义。方法采用Laborie尿动力学检查仪和Toshiba放射检查床,对128例患者进行非完全同步影像尿动力学检查(一般取截石位及斜坐位),其中脊髓损伤92例(71.9%)、骶裂5例(3.9%)、尿失禁8例(6.2%)、排尿困难2例(1.6%)、前列腺增生21例(16.4%)。灌注液中泛影葡胺含量为15%,灌注速度10—20ml/min,检查方法同普通尿动力学检查,记录膀胱压力(Pves)、直肠压力(Pabd)、逼尿肌压力(Pdet)、尿流率(Q)和肌电图等参数,采用膀胱储尿期及排尿期同步透视,点拍摄放射片4次,记录并保存影像。结果发现膀胱输尿管返流6例(4.7%)、膀胱结石18例(14.1%)、膀胱憩室35例(27.3%)、膀胱颈开放78例(60.9%)、逼尿肌膀胱颈协同失调23例(18.0% )、逼尿肌尿道外括约肌协同失调59例(46.1%)、外括约肌痉挛31例(24.2%)。结论非完全同步影像尿动力学检查能够利用现有设备进行影像尿动力学检查,对全面了解神经原性膀胱尿道功能障碍及LUTS患者的下尿路病理生理改变有重要价值。

AIM: To establish a RP-HPLC method to determine the fingerprint of Compound Fufangteng Mixture (Radix Ginseng Rubra, Radix Astragel. etc). METHODS: Chromatographic conditions included Shim-pack CLC ODS column and the mobile phase composed of a mixture of acetonitrile-water (gradient elution), detection wavelength at 203nm. The mobile phase flow rate was 1.0mL?min -1. RESULTS: 19 peaks existed on the HPLC fingerprint of Compound Fufangteng Mixture. CONCLUSION: The method can provide more information for the quality control of Compound Fufangteng Mixture.

To analyze the reality of ectopic pregnancy patients' clinical medication, find out the association rules of chemical medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, HIS data from 15 grade III-A general hospitals were collected, descriptive statistic methods and association rules were used in analysis of the data. The results showed that the most commonly used western medicine types were antibiotics,hemostatic medicine and killing embryo medicine. The most commonly used traditional Chinese medicine types were heat clearing and detoxicating drugs, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis drugs, tonifying Qi and blood drugs. The common combinations of western medicine and Chinese medicine were heat clearing and detoxicating drug add antibiotics, heat clearing and detoxicating drug add hemostatic medicine, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis drug add antibiotics, tonifying Qi and blood drug add antibiotics. In conclusion, the medicine types of ectopic pregnancy were concentrated. For conbined treatment of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine, heat clearing and detoxicating, tonic righting, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis treatment were often used on the basis of anti-inflammatory, killing embryo and hemostasis.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Hospital Information Systems ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Ectopic ; drug therapy

ObjectiveTo study the videourodynamic characteristics in spina bifida patients and to discuss the urodynamic risk factors causing the upper urinary tract deterioration.Methods33 cases with spina bifida were evaluated with non-complete synchronized videourodynamic test.Filling-phase function of bladder was evaluated with bladder sensation,detrusor activity,compliance,relative safe capacity,detrusor leak point pressure and presence of vesicoureteral reflux;voiding phase function was evaluated with detrusor pressure,the synergy between detrusor and external sphincter,the pressure-flow study.Patients were classified into upper urinary tract damage group and non-damage group according to the imaging and renal function test.The urodynamic parameters between the two groups were compared statistically.Results17 cases were found upper urinary tract damage(51%)in which 11 with vesicoureteral reflux and 6 was non-reflux hydronephrosis.Bladder compliance and relative safe capacity were significantly different between the two groups.ConclusionSpina bifida patients complicate a high incidence of upper urinary damage,especially vesicoureteral reflux.Low compliance and small relative safe capacity may be the major urodynamic risk factors causing upper urinary tract damage.

Atropa belladonna is a medicinal plant and main commercial source of tropane alkaloids (TAs) including scopolamine and hyoscyamine, which are anticholine drugs widely used clinically. Based on the high throughput transcriptome sequencing results, the digital expression patterns of UniGenes representing 9 structural genes (ODC, ADC, AIH, CPA, SPDS, PMT, CYP80F1, H6H, TRII) involved in TAs biosynthesis were constructed, and simultaneously expression analysis of 4 released genes in NCBI (PMT, CYP80F1, H6H, TRII) for verification was performed using qPCR, as well as the TAs contents detection in 8 different tissues. Digital expression patterns results suggested that the 4 genes including ODC, ADC, AIH and CPA involved in the upstream pathway of TAs, and the 2 branch pathway genes including SPDS and TRII were found to be expressed in all the detected tissues with high expression level in secondary root. While the 3 TAs-pathway-specific genes including PMT, CYP80F1, H6H were only expressed in secondary roots and primary roots, mainly in secondary roots. The qPCR detection results of PMT, CYP80F1 and H6H were consistent with the digital expression patterns, but their expression levels in primary root were too low to be detected. The highest content of hyoscyamine was found in tender stems (3.364 mg x g(-1)), followed by tender leaves (1.526 mg x g(-1)), roots (1.598 mg x g(-1)), young fruits (1.271 mg x g(-1)) and fruit sepals (1.413 mg x g(-1)). The highest content of scopolamine was detected in fruit sepals (1.003 mg x g(-1)), then followed by tender stems (0.600 mg x g(-1)) and tender leaves (0.601 mg x g(-1)). Both old stems and old leaves had the lowest content of hyoscyamine and scopolamine. The gene expression profile and TAs accumulation indicated that TAs in Atropa belladonna were mainly biosynthesized in secondary root, and then transported and deposited in tender aerial parts. Screening Atropa belladonna secondary root transcriptome database will facilitate unveiling the unknown enzymatic reactions and the mechanisms of transcriptional control.
Alkaloids ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; metabolism ; Atropa belladonna ; genetics ; metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; genetics ; Hyoscyamine ; genetics ; metabolism ; Plants, Medicinal ; genetics ; metabolism ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide ; metabolism ; Tropanes ; metabolism

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in neonates with sepsis and its role in the pathogenesis of neonatal sepsis. METHODS: A total of 62 neonates with sepsis were enrolled as the sepsis group, 66 neonates with local infection were enrolled as the local infection group, and 70 healthy neonates were enrolled as the healthy control group. Serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-17 (IL-17), interleukin-23 (IL-23), C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) were measured. The mRNA expression of HMGB1, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the protein expression of TLR4 and NF-κB in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were also measured. PBMCs from healthy neonates were divided into 4 groups: control, HMGB1 treatment, HMGB1+TAK-242 (a TLR4 inhibitor) treatment and HMGB1+PDTC (an NF-κB inhibitor) treatment, and the mRNA expression of TLR4, NF-κB and IL-8 and the protein expression of TLR4 and NF-κB were measured. PBMCs from healthy neonates were divided into another 3 groups: control, LPS treatment and LPS+glycyrrhizin (an HMGB1 inhibitor) treatment, and the mRNA expression of HMGB1, TLR4, NF-κB and IL-8 and the protein expression of TLR4 and NF-κB were measured. RESULTS: Compared with the local infection and healthy control groups, the sepsis group had significantly higher serum levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, IL-23, CRP and PCT (P<0.05), as well as significantly higher mRNA expression of HMGB1, TLR4 and NF-κB and protein expression of TLR4 and NF-κB in PBMCs (P<0.05). HMGB1 significantly induced the mRNA and protein expression of TLR4 and NF-κB in PBMCs (P<0.05). TAK-242 inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of TLR4 and NF-κB and mRNA expression of IL-8 (P<0.05). PDTC inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of NF-κB and the mRNA expression of IL-8 (P<0.05). LPS significantly induced the mRNA expression of HMGB1 and the mRNA and protein expression of TLR4 and NF-κB and then stimulated the mRNA expression of IL-8 (P<0.05). Glycyrrhizin inhibited the mRNA expression of HMGB1 and the mRNA and protein expression of TLR4 and NF-κB and then reduced the mRNA expression of IL-8 (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS HMGB1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neonatal sepsis by activating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and inducing the secretion of inflammatory factors including IL-8. The HMGB1 blocker glycyrrhizin can inhibit activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and the secretion of inflammatory factors.
HMGB1 Protein ; genetics ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; NF-kappa B ; Sepsis ; genetics ; Signal Transduction

Brain arteriovenous malformation (bAVM) is a common cerebrovascular disease in clinical practice. Compared with adults, children with bAVM are more prone to rupture and bleeding, and have a higher mortality and disability. Therefore, it is very important to accurately evaluate the bleeding risk of children with bAVM and reasonably select intervention measures to improve the prognosis. The treatment methods of children with bAVM mainly include conservative treatment, microsurgical treatment, endovascular embolization, stereotactic radiosurgery, and multimodal combined treatment. At present, the treatment indications and specific treatment options for children with bAVM are controversial.

OBJECTIVE: To reveal the characteristics of gene expression in adrenal gland of H22 tumor mice with typical syndromes and in different liver cancer stages. METHODS: By the quantitative four diagnosis and syndrome differentiation methods and GeneChip Mouse Exon 1.0 ST Array, we observed adrenal gland gene expression in H22 tumor mice with pathogenic factor-toxin predominance syndrome and qi deficiency syndrome in the earlier stage, yang-qi deficiency syndrome in the intermediate stage, and qi-yin-yang deficiency syndrome in the advanced stage. Genes highly expressed and remarkably different were analyzed in this study. RESULTS: A total of seventy-three up-regulated coincident genes and twenty-six down-regulated coincident genes in different stages were investigated in the study. Up-regulated coincident genes included Hp, C3, Anxa1, Procr, C2, Il4ra, Cd14, Ptprc, Cd52, C4b, Eno3, Xdh, Gpx3, and so on. Down-regulated coincident genes included nervous system function-related genes such as Plp1, Mbp, Aldh1a1, Cck, Atn1, genes associated with electrolyte metabolism such as Aldh1a1 and Slc22a17, genes related to signal transduction such as Cxcr4, Spag5 and Stmn3, etc, and genes related to transcriptional control and protein biosynthesis such as Hspa1a, Dnajb1, Thra, Hhex and so on. CONCLUSION: With the development of the tumorigenesis, the symptoms and signs and differentially expressed genes in adrenal gland of H22 tumor mice can be measured. Up-regulated and down-regulated coincident genes may be the features of H22 tumor mice different from those of normal mice.

Objective To study phylogenies, epidemiology and genetic environment of CTX-M type of ESBLs produced by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from nine hospitals in Guangzhou. Methods The phylogenies of CTX-M type of ESBLs were analyzed by PCR Genetic environment of CTX-M-15 encoding gene (bla_(CTX-M-15)) were investigated by conjugation test and plasmid analysis. The clonal relationship of strains producing CTX-M-15 was determined by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR). Results A total of 361 ESBLs-producing isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were collected. 67.3% of ESBLs strains were detected to produce CTX-M-type ESBLs, and the commonest genotypes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were CTX-M-14 (35.4% and 28.3%), CTX-M-15(21.5% and 26.1%) EBIC-PCR products of all CTX-M-15-producing strains show 39 strains of Escherichia coli were classified into 27 genotypes while 43 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae were divided into 30 genotypes. Furthermore, the genotypes of CTX-M-55, CTX-M-19, CTX-M-27, with ceftazidime-hydrelyzing activity, were detected in this study. The great majority of bla_(CTX-M-15) genes were found to locate on a 65 000 bp-conjugative plasmid, and there was no blaTEM-1, bla_(OXA-1), blaDSA-1 or aac (6')-Ib-cr gene coexisted on the plasmid, ISEcp1-like insertion sequences, relative to mobilization of bla_(CTX-M-15) gene, were detected in all bla_(CTX-M-15) positive strains, and the distances between the end of ISEcp1-like insertion sequences and the start cedon of bla_(CTX-M-15) were equal, with 48 base pairs. Conclusion CTX-M-14 is still the most common genotype of ESBLs in Guangzhou, but high prevalence of CTX-M-15 ESBLs hydrolyzing ceftazidime already appears in south China.