Objective; To investigate the dynamic pathological characteristics of kidney in the db / db mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to clarify the pathogenesis and development mechanism of diabetic nephropathy, and to provide the experimental evidence for the further study on diabetic nephropathy. Methods: The male SPF db/db mice aged 7 - 8 weeks were selected as model group (n=16) and the db/m mice with the same ages were selected as control group (n=16). The body weights and levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG) of the mice were detected after 8, 16, and 32 weeks. Then eight mice in each group were sacrificed and the kidney tissue was dissected at 8, 16 and 32 weeks. HE and Masson staining were used to observe the pathomorphology of the kidney tissue; the ultrastructures of kidney tissue were observed under electron microscope. Results: Compared with normal group, the body weights of the mice in model group at 8, 16 and 32 weeks were significantly increased (P<0. 01), the FBG levels were significantly increased (P<0. 01), and the double kidney indexes were significantly decreased (P<0. 01); the double kidney index of the mice in model group at 32 weeks was lower than that at 16 weeks (P< 0. 05). The HE and Masson staining results showed that the morphological changes of kidney tissue of the mice at 16 weeks were significant, the glomerular volume was expansion and the kidney tubular epithelial cells were edema, which turned serious at 32 weeks. A large number of blue dye substances in the kidney tissue was found. Under electron microscope, the glomerular basement membranes got thickened, the foot processes got fused and the number of mitochondria in kidney tubular epithelial cells was reduced and swell was found in the mice in model group at 16 weeks; the lesions in the kidney tissue were serious at 32 weeks, and the collagenous fiber was visible at 32 weeks. Conclusion: The pathological changes in the kidney tissue of the db/db mice at 16 weeks are significant, such as glomerular basement thickening and footwork fusion. The kidney tissue of the db/db mice at 32 weeks shows prominent fibrosis.

Objective To explore the effetc of different intensity of exercise on learning ablility and oxygen free radical metabolism in rats after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Methods 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham group, I/R group, aerobic exercise preconditioning group and exhaustive exercise preconditioning group. The morphological changes of neural cells in hippocampus were observed with HE staining, the learning ablility was assessed with shuttle box, the activity of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde level in hippocampus were measured with hydroxylamine method and TBA method respectively 1, 3, 7 days after injury. Results The number of survival neurons, active avoidance reaction and activity of superoxide dismutase decreased, and the latency of passive avoidance and malondialdehyde levels increased in all the other groups compare with the sham group (P<0.001). Further more, the number of surviving neurons, active avoidance reaction rate and the activity of superoxide dismutase were less in the I/R group than in the aerobic exercise preconditioning group (P<0.001), and more than in the exhaustive exercise preconditioning group (P<0.001), while the latency of passive avoidance and the level of malondialdehyde was more than in the aerobic exercise preconditioning group (P<0.001), and less than in the exhaustive exercise preconditioning group (P<0.001). Conclusion Regular aerobic exercise is beneficial to protect the learning ability from cerebral I/R in rats, but exhaustive exercise may be negative, which may associated with the metabolism of oxygen free radical in hippocampus impacted by exercise.

Objective To observe the effect of aerobic exercise preconditioning on growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and Nogo-A in rats after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were equally divided into sham group (n=40), cerebral ischemia/reperfusion group (n=40) and aerobic exercise preconditioning group (n=40), and global cerebral ischemia model was formed with modified four-vessel occlusion. The rats was sacrificed six hours, one day, three days and seven days after ischemia, respectively. The hippocampus neural cells were observed in five rats with HE staining and immunohistochemistry of GAP-43 and Nogo-A, and the other five rats were test-ed with RT-PCR of GAP-43 and Nogo-A. Results Compared with those in the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion group, the apoptotic neurons and expression of GAP-43 significantly increased all the time points in the aerobic exercise preconditioning group (P<0.01), while the ex-pression of Nogo-A decreased (P<0.01). Conclusion Aerobic exercise preconditioning can promote the regeneration of neuronal cells and axon after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, which is related to the regulation of GAP-43 and Nogo-A.

This article was aimed to study the proteomic spectra expression of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) cold and heat constitution rats with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), in order to search for the cold and heat-associated proteins for the investigation of the biological basis of TCM cold and heat body constitution formation. The total protein in rat’s liver cell was extracted. The 2-DE and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry (MS) were used in the screening and identification of differentially expressed proteins of cold and heat constitution rats. The results showed that a total of 10 different points in the protein expression were obtained with statistical significance after screening and MS, which were carbamoyl-phosphate synthase, protein disulfide isomerase associated 3, catalase, hydroperoxide isomerase, cytosol aminopeptidase, glutamate dehydrogenase 1, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase 2, heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) precursor, homocysteine, 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein precursor. It was concluded that some differences were existed in the proteomic spectra expression of TCM cold and heat constitution rats. The abnormality of enzyme protein metabolism may be one of the material bases for the formation of cold and heat constitution.

To explore the changes in metabolites in the greasy tongue coating in patients with chronic gastritis.

Objective To investigate the relationship of extracellular regulated protein kinases activation and neural cells autophagy in rats after subarachnoid hemorrhage.Methods One hundred twenty male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operated group,SAH group,ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 group,autophagy inducer rapamycin (Rap) group.The animal models were established by injecting the autologous blood into cisterna magna twice.U0126 (5μ g/μL) and Rap (10nmol/μL) were injected into lateral ventricles in U0126 group and Rap group 30min before SAH.The morphology of hippocampal nerve cells were examined by using light microscopy.The expression levels of phosphorylated ERK 1/2 (p-ERK 1/2),ERK 1/2mRNA and autophagy markers (Beclin-1 and Beclin-1 mRNA、LC3-Ⅱ and LC3mRNA) in the hippocampus were detected by using inmunohistochemistry and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.Result Compared with sham group,the rate of dead nerve cells,the mRNA levels of ERK1/2,Beclin-1 and LC3 as well as the levels of the p-ERK1/2,Beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ increased in SAH group (P＜0.05).Compared with SAH group,the rate of dead nerve cells increased(P＜0.05),the ERK1/2 mRNA,Beclin-1 mRNA and LC3 mRN A,and p-ERK1/2,Beclin-landLC3-Ⅱ in U0126 group decreased(P＜0.05);the rate of dead nerve cells decreased (P＜0.05),the Beclin-1 mRNA and LC3 mRNA,the Beclin-1and LC3-Ⅱ level increased in Rap group(P＜0.05),but ERK 1/2 mRNA and p-ERK 1/2 remained unchanged (P＞0.05).Conclusion Activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway after SAH,can induce nerve cells death by increasing Beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ expressions.

Objective To investigate the effect of MAPK activation on autophagy in the hippocampus of rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage.Methods A total of 100 male SD rats were divided into 5 groups randomly:sham operated group,SAH group,inhibitor U0126 group,inhibitor SB203580 group,SP600125 group.The animal model was established by injecting the autologous blood into cisterna magna twice.The morphological changes of hippocampus nerve cells of rat brain were detected with HE.The mRNA levels of ERK1/2,p38MAPK,JNK and LC3 in hippocampus were detected with quantitative real time PCR and the expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2,phosphorylated p38MAPK,phosphorylated JNK and LC3-Ⅱ in hippocampus of rat brain were detected by immunohistochemistry.Results Compared with the Sham group,the survival rate of neurons in SAH group decreased (6 h:(84.982 ± 5.723) ％,24 h:(74.383± 9.860) ％,48 h:(62.860± 10.820) ％,72 h:(52.260± 10.960) ％) (all P＜0.05).The levels of ERK1/2 mRNA,p38MAPK mRNA,JNK mRNA and LC3 mRNA in hippocampus increased (all P＜ 0.05) and the expression of p-ERK1/2,p-p38MAPK,p-JNK,LC3-Ⅱ proteins increased(all P＜0.05).Compared with the SAH group,the survival rate of neurons in U0126 group was decreased (6 h:(71.620±6.542) ％,24 h:(66.221±7.742)％,48 h:(55.208±8.802) ％,72 h:(46.242±7.782) ％),and the ERK1/2 and LC3 in hippocampus decreased both in mRNA level and in protein level(all P＜0.05).Compared with the SAH group,the survival rate of neurons in SB203580 groups was increased (6 h:(89.082±6.602)％,24 h:(85.840±9.726) ％,48 h:(74.96± 10.916) ％,72 h:(69.211 ± 10.745) ％),and the p38MAPK,LC3-Ⅱ in hippocampus decreased at both mRNA and protein levels (all P＜0.05).Compared with the SAH group,the survival rate of neurons in SP600125 groups was increased (6 h:(91.620± 7.542) ％,24 h:(86.221 ± 10.742) ％,48 h:(75.208±11.802) ％,72 h:(70.242± 11.782) ％).The expression of JNK was decreased while the LC3-Ⅱ was increased in hippocampus (P＜0.05).Conclusion MAPK activation is involved in the autophagy of hippocampal neurons after SAH,in which ERK1/2 activation plays a positive role in the regulation of autophagy in hippocampal neurons after SAH,while p38MAPK and JNK activation plays a negative role in autophagy.

Objective To observe the effect of exhaustive exercise preconditioning on GAP?43 and Nogo?A in rats with cerebral ischemia reperfusion. Methods 90 rats were randomly divided into sham oper?ation group,group of cerebral ischemia reperfusion(I/R) and exhaustive exercise preconditioning group.Rats were sacrificed at 6 h,1 d,3 d and 7 d respectively after injury. Neural functions were detected by shuttle box. Morphological changes of hippocampal neural cells were observed by HE staining. Expressions of GAP?43 and Nogo?A were detected respectively by immunohistochemistry and RT?PCR technology. Re?sults Compared with the sham group,the death rate of apoptotic neurons in I/R group was decreased( 6 h:(30.97±2.09)%,1 d:(38.41±1.10)%,3 d:(46.81±2.04)%,1 d:(43.46±1.57)%),the index of learning and memory ability(AARR?7 d:(38.00±12.60)%,PAL?7 d:(27.90±1.79)s) and expression of GAP?43 were decreased(6 h:(2.89±0.85),1 d:(4.06±0.25),3 d:(4.78±0.98),7 d:(7.02±0.21)),the expression of Nogo?A was increased(6 h:(2.93±0.19),1 d:(5.47±0.32),3 d:(4.62±0.26),7 d:(4.12±1.11))(P<0.05).Compared with I/R group,the death rate of apoptotic neurons in exhaustive exercise preconditioning group were decreased,the index of learning and memory ability(AARR?7 d:(20.66±7.60)%,PAL?7 d:(35.53±2.41)s) and expression of GAP?43 were decreased(6 h:(2.03±0.14),1 d:(2.92±0.27),3 d:(3.35±0.34),7 d:(5.24±0.52)),the expression of Nogo?A were increased(6 h:(3.92±0.51),1 d:(6.90± 0.79),3 d:(5.87±0.48),7 d:(5.37±0.50))(P<0.05). Conclusion Exhaustive exercise preconditioning ag? gravates the injury of neurons and neural function,which is related to the regulation of GAP?43 and Nogo?A in the hippocampus of rats.

Objective To observe the effect of Tomatis converted auditory training on the executive functioning of breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.Methods Eighty breast cancer patients with the executive dysfunction who were undergoing chemotherapy were divided into a control group and an experimental group,each of 40.The experimental group was given Tomatis high and low frequency auditory training,while the control group was given ordinary music training.The patients in both groups were treated in 4 stages,each of 5 consecutive days with intervals of 21 days.The Chinese Version of the Behavioral Assessment of Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) was used to evaluate both groups before and after the intervention,including rule transformation ability,problem solving ability,planning ability,supervising ability and organizing ability.Results After the intervention,the experimental group had a significantly higher average score than before the intervention in the rule-switching card test,the action planning test,the key-finding test,and the modified six-element test.Their average BADS score was also significantly improved.The control group showed a significantly better average score only in the key-finding test and in its average BADS total score.After the intervention,the experimental group had a significantly higher average score than the control group in the rule-switching card test and the action planning and six-element tests.Its average BADS rating was also significantly better.Conclusion Tomatis high and low frequency auditory training can improve the executive function of patients undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer.Its effect is better than that of ordinary music training.

Objective To observe the effect of TOMATIS auditory training on improving cognitive and post-traumatic stress disorder in patients after breast cancer chemotherapy. Methods Eighty invasive ductal carcinoma of breast cancer patients with cognition and psychological disorders were selected in the breast department of Tangshan People's Hospital from October 2016 to September 2017. All patients were randomly divided into control group ( n=40) and experimental group ( n=40) . The experimental group was given the TOMATIS high and low audio frequency auditory training,and the control group was given ordinary music training. Before and after the intervention, the Chinese version of the Montreal cognitive assessment scale ( MoCA) and the post-traumatic stress disorder scale ( PTSD-SS) were evaluated for both groups of pa-tients. Results After the intervention,the experimental group had significantly higher scores in visual struc-ture skills((3. 83±0. 71)vs(2. 68±0. 57)),executive function ((2. 23±0. 53)vs(1. 55±0. 50)),attention and concentration((1. 55±0. 78)vs(1. 23±0. 53)),language((1. 50±0. 75)vs(1. 08±0. 47)),calculation ((2. 00±0. 60)vs(1. 45±0. 75)),abstract thinking((1. 63±0. 54)vs(1. 00±0. 51)),memory((4. 68± 0. 47)vs(2. 70±0. 72)),directive force((5. 25±0. 54)vs(3. 90±0. 81)) and total score((22. 65±2. 89)vs (15. 58±2. 10))than the control group(all P<0. 05). After intervention,the scores of subjective assessment of traumatic events((2. 60±0. 63)vs(3. 98±0. 62)),repeated recurring experiences((24.05±2.72)vs (26. 70±2. 28)),avoidance symptoms((24. 35±1. 64)vs(26. 40±1. 19)),increased alertness((24. 23± 1. 80)vs(25. 45±1. 20)),impaired social function((7. 28±1. 01)vs(8. 68±0. 66)),and total scores((85. 85±5. 13)vs(94. 63±2. 92)) in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group,and the differences were statistically significant ( all P<0. 01) . Conclusion TOMATIS auditory train-ing can effectively improve the cognitive function and psychological state in breast cancer chemotherapy pa-tients,which is worthy of popularization and application.