Objective To study comparatively the clinical anaesthetic potency and adverse effects to children of 0.375% ropivacaine used for brachial plexus block in upper-limb paediatric surgery.Methods After undergoing basal anesthesia with ketamine,36 children scheduled for hand and forearm surgery were randomly allocated to receive brachial plexus block with 0.375% ropivacaine(group A) and to receive intravenous anesthesia with ketamine(group B).The effect of sensor block and motor block,the changes of vital sings,the occurrence of side effect(nausea and vomiting) and palinesthesia of children were observed.Results The patients in group A kept a steady vital signs,their blood pressure,cardiac and respiration rate were similar to the backgroud level before anesthesia,whereas in group B the blood pressure,cardiac and respiration rate of patients were increased and kept a rather higer level,fluctuated with the depth of anesthesia.Conclusion Ropivacaine used for brachial plexus block in upper-limb paediatric surgery is a simple,feasible,and safe method with anesthetized perfectly and less complication.

In-vitro assay methods were established to evaluate transactivation and binding activity of compounds on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y (PPARγ). Firstly, plasmids were constructed for transactivation assay of PPARγ response element (PPRE) triggered reporter gene expression, and for cell-based binding activity assay of the chimeric receptor, which was fused with PPARγ ligand binding domain (LBD) and yeast transcriptional activator Gal4. Secondly, by using PPARy competitive binding assay based on time resolved-fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET), affinities of compounds and drugs to PPARγ were evaluated. In application of these above methods, the PPARγ activating potency and characteristics of different compounds were evaluated, and a novel benzeneselfonamide derivative, ZLJ01, was found to have comparable binding activity and affinity with the well-known PPARy agonist, but lack of PPRE mediated transactivation activity. In preliminary study on in-vitro hypoglycemic activity, ZLJ1 was found to promote insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by liver cells. Therefore, we believe that combining transactivation and binding activity as well as affinity evaluation, the system could be used to screen non-agonist PPARγ ligand as anovel PPARγ modulator

The goal of treatment of metabolic syndrome is the prevention of diabetes and cardiovascular events. A series of novel tetrahydrocoptisine quaternary ammonium compounds were prepared to evaluate their action of hypoglycemia and hypolipidemia for finding the therapeutic agents of metabolic syndrome. Starting from the coptisine hydrochloride (2), fifteen target compounds were synthesized by reduction and substitution of the 7-N position. All of the target compounds were characterized by 1H NMR and HR-MS. Their hypoglycemic activities were evaluated in HepG2 cell and hypolipidemic activities of compounds with better hypoglycemic activity were tested further in vivo. Results indicated that compounds 5, 7, 8 and 9 exhibited better hypoglycemic activities in vitro and compounds 5 and 8 exhibited good hypolipidemic activities in high-fat-diet (HFD) induced hyperlipidemia mice and (or) hamsters. However, the activity is not as good as simvastatin.

This study is to evaluate the effects of the metformin (Met) on β cell function of diabetic KKAy mice. Female diabetic KKAy mice selected by insulin tolerance test (ITT) were divided randomly into two groups. Con group was orally administered by gavage with water, Met group with metformin hydrochloride at a dose of 0.2 g x kg(-1) for about 12 weeks. ITT and glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were determined. Beta cell function was assessed by hyperglycemic clamp. Pancreatic biochemical indicators were tested. The changes of gene and protein expression in the pancreas and islets were also analyzed by Real-Time-PCR and immunostaining. Met significantly improved glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in KKAy mice. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels were also decreased. In addition, Met markedly increased glucose infusion rate (GIR) and elevated the Ist phase and maximum insulin secretion during clamp. It showed that Met decreased TG content and iNOS activities and increased Ca(2+) -Mg(2+)-ATPase activity in pancreas. Islets periphery was improved, and down-regulation of glucagon and up-regulated insulin protein expressions were found after Met treatment. Pancreatic mRNA expressions of inflammation factors including TLR4, NF-κB, JNK, IL-6 and TNF-α were down-regulated, p-NF-κB p65 protein levels also down-regulated by Met. And mRNA expressions of ion homeostasis involved in insulin secretion including SERCA2 and Kir6.2 were up-regulated by Met. Met increased SIRT5 expression level in pancreas of KKAy mice under the hyperglycemic clamp. These results indicated that chronic administration of Met regulated pancreatic inflammation generation, ion and hormone homeostasis and improved β cell function of diabetic KKAy mice.

Glucokinase (GK) is a new target for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In order to find a structure-simplified small molecule GK activator, 19 salicylic acid derivatives were designed and synthesized based on new lead compound (1). Experimental results showed that the potency of compound 8h is superior to control RO-28-0450 in GK activation.

Three cyclotides were isolated from the whole plant of Viola yedoensis in this study. The two, vary peptide E and cycloviolacin Y5, were previously reported, and a novel cycloviolacin VY1 was characterized according to the interpretation of MS/MS fragmentation of peptides which were produced from the reduced and alkylated parent peptide with the digestion of Endo Lys-C, trypsin and chymotrypsin, separately. The stability of remarkable resistance to proteolytic degradation by trypsin and chymotrypsin, and that of thermal denaturation was confirmed again. Besides, the IC50 value of cycloviolacin VYI against influenza A H1N1 virus was (2.27 +/- 0.20) microg x mL(-1). It is the first cyclotide reported with anti-influenza A H1N1 virus activity in vitro assay.

Ongoing study on the chemical constituents of the roots of Macleaya microcarpa led to the isolation of eight compounds of derivatives of triterpenes and organic acids in addition to some previously identified benzophenanthridines. The eight compounds were identified by spectroscopic methods as well as comparison with literature values as 1-oxo-2, 22 (30)-hopandien-29-oic acid (1), 3-oxo-12-oleanen-30-oic acid (2), 3α-hydroxy-12-oleanen-30-oic acid (3), 3β-hydroxy-12-oleanen-30-oic acid (4), ferulic acid (5), ferulic acid 4-O-β-D-glucoside (6), 3-O-feruloylquinic acid (7), and methyl 3-O-feruloylquinate (8). Of which, 1 is a new triterpenoid of hopanes and 2-8 are isolated from M microcarpa for the first time. In order to discover natural active compounds as potential agents of anti-ulcerative colitis (UC), an in vitro drug high-throughput screening model targeted x-box-binding protein 1 (xbp1) was employed to evaluate the activity of the major chemical constituents of M microcarpa. The result confirmed that two dihydrobenzophenanthridines, dihydrosanguinarine (9) and dihydrochelerythrine (10), showed a certain activity on activating the transcription of xbpl, a transcription factor (TF) associated with the occurrence, development, and potential treatment of UC, with their relative activating ratios being 1.76 and 1.77 times, respectively, as compared with control group.

Objective To investigate the effects of vaspin on insulin resistants of 3T3-L1 adipocyte through the insulin receptor substrates (IRS) /phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) /protein kinase B (Akt) /glucose transporter (Glut) signaling pathway.Methods 3T3-L1 cells cultured by palmitic acid (PA) were used to establish insulin resistance models,which were divided into PA group,PA + 100 ng/ml vaspin group,PA+200 ng/ml vaspin group,PA+400 ng/ml vaspin group and PA+400 ng/ml vaspin+wortmannin (PI3K inhibitor) group.Glucose uptake and consumption were assessed by 2-deoxy H3-D-glucose incorporation and glucose oxidase-peroxidase respectively.IRS/PI3K/Akt/Glut signaling pathway was evaluated using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis.Results Compared with PA group,glucose uptake and consumption increased gradually with the increasing of vaspin concentration in other groups (P ＜ 0.05).mRNA levels of IRS-1,Akt and Glut 4 increased gradually as vaspin concentration increasing (P＜0.05),and the ratios of p-IRS-1 to IRS-1,p-Akt to Akt and Glut 4 protein level also showed the same trends (P＜0.05).However,glucose uptake and consumption in PA+400 ng/ml vaspin+wortmannin group were less than that of PA +400 ng/ml vaspin group (P＜0.05).PA+400 ng/ml vaspin+wortmannin group showed lower mRNA and protein phosphorylation levels of IRS-1,Akt and Glut 4 (P＜0.05),and that the ratios of p-IRS-1 to IRS-1,p-Akt to Akt and Glut 4 protein levels decreased (P＜0.05).Conclusions Vaspin can improve the insulin sensitivity of 3T3-L1 adipocyte by activating IRS/PI3K/Akt/Glut signaling pathway.

-Glucosidase and lipase inhibitors play important roles in the treatment of hyperglycaemia and dyslipidemia. To identify novel naturally occurring inhibitors, a bioactivity-guided phytochemical research was performed on the pu-erh tea. One new flavanol, named (-)-epicatechin-3---coumarate (), andknown analogs (-) were isolated from the aqueous extract of the pu-erh tea. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Furthermore, the water extract of pu-erh tea and its fractions exhibited inhibitory activities against-glucosidases and lipases; compoundshowed moderate inhibitory effect against sucrase with an ICvalue of 32.5 μmol/L and significant inhibitory effect against maltase with an ICvalue of 1.3 μmol/L. Compounds,,anddisplayed moderate activity against a lipase with ICvalues of 16.0, 13.6, 19.8, and 13.3 μmol/L, respectively.

Refined-JQ (JQ-R) is a mixture of refined extracts from(Ranunculaceae),(Leguminosae) and(Caprifoliaceae), the three major herbs of JinQi-JiangTang tablet, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula. The mechanisms by which JQ-R regulates glucose metabolism and improves insulin sensitivity were studied in type 2 diabetic KKmice and insulin-resistant L6 myotubes. To investigate the mechanisms by which JQ-R improves insulin sensitivity, a model of insulin-resistant cells induced with palmitic acid (PA) was established in L6 myotubes. Glucose uptake and expression of factors involved in insulin signaling, stress, and inflammatory pathways were detected by immunoblotting. JQ-R showed beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in a euglycemic clamp experiment and decreased fasting insulin levels in diabetic KKmice. JQ-R also improved the plasma lipid profiles. JQ-R directly increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels in insulin-resistant L6 cells, and elevated the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake with upregulated phosphorylation of AKT. The phosphorylation levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-B p65), inhibitor of NF-B (IB), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1/2) and extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) were also changed after JQ-R treatment compared with the control group. Together these findings suggest that JQ-R improved glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic KKmice. JQ-R directly enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in insulin-resistant myotubes with improved insulin signalling and inflammatory response and oxidative stress. JQ-R could be a candidate to achieve improved glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus.