Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are promising fields that will enable personalized therapy. However, one of the most important issues to be conquered in the practice of personalized medicine is the translation of scientific discoveries into better therapeutic outcomes. The international pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic approaches made in the field of personalized medicine and drug discovery are summarized in this review.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of recombinant human interferon α-2b gel onflooding prevention in loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) during and after the operation.Method The 152 patients with cervical disease were randomly divided into three groups: group A(recombinant human interferon α-2b gel treatment group), group B (hypophysin treatment group)and groupC(control group). Results The amount of intraoperative bleeding and the amount of post-operative bleedingof the group A was (2.57±1.19) ml and (2.24±1.75) ml, the group B was (3.00±1.49) ml and (45.86±26.14) hal, the group C was (45.62±39.57) ml and (56.90±41.90) ml, respectively. There was no differencebetween group A and group B in the amount of intraoperative bleeding (P>0.05), but significantly less thangroup C (P<0.01). There was no difference between group B and group C in the amount of post-operativebleeding (P>0.05), but significantly much more than group A (P<0.01). Conclusion Recombinanthuman interferon α-2b gel is effective on reducing intraoperative and post-operative bleeding in LEEP.

Objective To investigate the retrieval mechanism of prospective memory,spatiotemporal patterns of event-related potentials (ERP) were used to reveal neural correlates of the prospective interference effect. Methods A task of matching two sequential patterns was taken as the ongoing task and the detection of patterns with two salient levels as prospective memory tasks. Experiments were performed in blocks for single ongoing task block and two prospective memory blocks. Results No significant behavioral effect was found for prospective interference [reaction time(ms):control blocks 750.29±161.33,high salience blocks 770.94±174.89,low salience bocks 764.79±174.12,F(1.52,25.82)=0.48,P =0.57 and correction rate(%):control blocks 85.89±8.07,high salience blocks 88.26±7.00,low salience blocks 87.91±7.28,F(1.50,25.57)=2.46,P =0.12].But significant ERP effect was found at bilateral frontal regions from 160 ms to 240 ms for both two prospective memory blocks. Moreover,greater negativity at the right frontal polar region appeared significantly at 360'440 ms for higher salient patterns. Conclusion Prospective memory is retrieved based on strategic monitoring and high salient stimuli may enhance to keep the prospective goal and improve task switching.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine,Songling Xuemaikang Capsule on the individual with cerebral infarction reconvalescent and its mechanism.Methods Patients in control group( n =54) received regularly therapy and treatment group( n =55) was treated with regularly therapy and Songling Xuemaikang Capsule for eight weeks respectively.The clinical therapeutic effeets,Barthel index,hemorheology indexes,serum lipid and C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined.Results The total clinical effective rate in treatment group and control group was 70.9％ and 55.6％ (P ＜ 0.01 ).After eight weeks treatment,the scores of Barthel Index,hemorheology indexes,the amounts of serum lipid and CRP in treatment group were improved significantly as compared to the control group ( P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01 ).There was no severely side effect found in this trial.Conclusion Songling Xuemaikang Capsule could partly improve patients clinical outcome and life quality.The clinical efficacy of Songling Xuemaikang Capsule on the individual with cerebral infarction reconvalescent should be related to its functioning to promote the recovery of patients' blood hemorheology,and regulate serum lipid and decrease CRP level.

The relationship between carotid artery stenosis and cognitive function are receiving increasing attention.Most studies have shown that carotid artery stenosis has a direct impact on cognitive impairment.Carotid endarterectomy or stenting can improve the cognitive function to varying degrees in patients with carotid artery stenosis.The mechanism of cognitive impairment in patients with carotid artery disease may be associated with hypoperfusion,white matter lesions,multiple lacunar infarction and spontaneous emboli.

It is a strategic choice for a country to build top universities for innovative talents and independent innovative products.Germany,South Korea,Japan and Chinese Taiwan and Mainland are taking great measures to build top universities.In comparison with Project 985 universities under the direct administration of the Ministry of Education of China and world top universities in their environment,research,teaching and disciplines,key construction strategy including integration of distinctive resources to build top university system should be kept up,core competency cultivation,proper development environment and major features should come into being,and scientific HEIs categories should be established in building top universities in China.

Patients with long-standing history of ulcerative colitis have an increased risk of developing colitis-associated colorectal cancer.The risk factors include longer duration of colitis,greater anatomic extent of colitis,degree of inflammation of the bowel,family history of colorectal callcer,the presence of primary sclerosing cholangitis.etc.The two kinds of molecular pathogenesis that contribute to colon carcinogenesis are chromosomal instability and microsatellite instability.In order to reduce cancer morbidity,colonescopic surveillance and chemoprevention should be carried out in patients with ulcerative colitis especially in those high risk patients.New endoscopic techniques increase the sensitivity and shed a new light on tumor surveillance.

Modern pharmacogenomics demonstrates that genetic polymorphisms account for the most important factor of adverse drug reactions and interindividual variations of drug therapy. Personalized medicine aims to choose the appropriate drugs and dosage for increasing the efficacy and safety with minimal adverse effects based on the patients' genotypes. This article introduce the progresses in pharmacogenomics in China, discusse many factors that influence the application of personalized medicine from bench to bedside, and highlighted the challenges and further development of this field in the future.

Objective To observe the levels of intercellar adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1)of rat intestinal mucosa microvascular endothelial cells in sepsis rat,and to investigate the possible protective effect of adrenomedullin on the expression of intercellar adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1)of rat intestinal mucosa microvascular endothelial cells,and to confirm whether adrenomedullin can decrease released inflammatory factors to slow down or inhibit the occurrence and development of sepsis.Methods The rat intestinal mucosa microvascular endothelial cells were isolated and cultured in vitro,and it was divided into sham operated(sham operated serum),sepsis serum(with addition of sepsis serum)and ADM serum(with 0.lng/kg adrenomedullin 6h after sepsis treatment)groups.The soluble ICAM-1(sICAM-1)content in RIMMVECs culture supernatant was measured by ELISA at the 24th hour after serum stimulation.Results The ICAM-1 content in the supernatant of sepsis group [(0.33 ±0.04)ng/L] was obviously higher than that in sham operated [(0.15 ± 0.02)ng/L] and ADM [(0.17 ± 0.04)ng/L] group(P ＜ 0.05),but ADM group was no significantly different compared with sham operated group(P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions ADM could decrease the expression of ICAM-I in RIMMVECs,and the low level of ICAM-1 could suppress its downstream inflammation factors and inhibit the occurrence and development of sepsis.

Objective To compare the risk effects of different antiplatelet therapies on gastrointestinal injury and summarize the endoscopic characteristics of gastrointestinal mucosal injury in the elderly. Methods The dyspepsia symptoms, gastrointestinal bleeding and endoscopic findings were retrospectively evaluated among 577 patients who received the antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and/or clopidogrel. Results The risk of dyspepsia symptoms and gastrointestinal bleeding was slightly higher in clopidogrel group than in aspirin group (both P＞0.05, x2=0.48, 0.72), and OR (95% CI): 1.10 (0.59-2.07) and 1.74 (0.48-6.33), for the risk of dyspepsia symptoms and gastrointestinal bleeding, respectively. In aspirin plus clopidogrel group, the risk of dyspepsia symptoms had no significant increase as compared with aspirin or clopidogrel group (x2=0.37, 0.03, for aspirin or clopidogrel group, respectively, both P＞0.05), but the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding was significantly higher than in aspirin group (x2=5.43, P＜0.05), OR (95% CI): 4.77 (1.15-19.79) and slightly higher than in clopidogrel group (P＞0.05). In this study, 57 patients received endoscopy and the detection rate of erosion or ulcer was 78.9%. Erosion (61.4%) was most in the gastric antrum; gastric ulcer (10.6%) located in gastric antrum and angle; duodenal ulcer (18.0%) located in bulb. In patients with dyspepsia symptoms erosion (70.5%), were most likely found but patients with gastrointestinal bleeding showed mainly ulcer (69.2%). Conclusions In the elderly the use of clopidogrel alone is not safer than low-dose aspirin and the combination would increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. The detection rate of erosion or ulcer is high in patients with symptoms. Patients with dyspepsia symptoms most likely show erosion, but patients with gastrointestinal bleeding have mainly ulcer and complex ulcers more common.