Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are promising fields that will enable personalized therapy. However, one of the most important issues to be conquered in the practice of personalized medicine is the translation of scientific discoveries into better therapeutic outcomes. The international pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic approaches made in the field of personalized medicine and drug discovery are summarized in this review.

Adult ; Humans ; Liver Transplantation ; United States

Objective To explore the differential diagnosis value of DWI ADC for breast lumps,improve the diagnosis of breast cancer specificity.Methods 93 patients with 105 breast tumors were performed with routine MR series and DWI,and the ADC values were measured.Results Lesions ADC values:average ADC value 43 benign lesions in 37 cases was(1.37±0.36)×10-3 mm2/s,the different value between max and min was(0.63±0.19)×10 -3s/mm2.Average ADC value of 62 malignant lesions in 58 patients was(0.90±0.53) × 10 -3 mm2/s,the different value between max and min was(0.91±0.27)×10-3 mm2/s.By statistical analysis,both average ADC values and the max and the min ADC difference value were very significantly different(P＜0.01).Draw diagnosis benign and malignant lesions ROC curves,with ADC values 0.11×10 -3 mm2/s for critical value to judge benign and malignant standard,sensitivity was 67％,specificity was 72％.With 1.0×10- 3 mm2/s for critical value,specificity can raise to 84％,and sensitivity came to 60％.With the maximum and minimum ADC difference value 0.75 × 10-3s/mm2 for critical value,sensitivity was 67％,specificity was 68％.If with 0.80 for critical value,sensitivity was 53％ and specificity 82％.Conclusion The average ADC values of DWI were significant for the identification of benign and malignant lesions.

Cultivating innovative talents is a systemic project,which is influenced by educational ecosystem.The comparison with educational ecosystems of developed countries shows that there are lots of factors affect the cultivating innovative talents in China including the internal factors of education system as well as family and social factors.

Objective To explore the application value of CA125 detection in the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian endometriosis cyst,to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.Methods 51 patients with ovarian endometriosis cyst were selected as the observation group,and 51 patients with non endometriosis of benign ovarian cyst were selected as control group.The serum CA125 level was detected and compared between the two growps.Results Before operation,the serum CA125 level of the observation group was (95.29 ± 55.47) U/ml,which was significantly higher than that of the control group (17.96 ± 6.82) U/ml (P ＜ 0.05).In the observation group,serum CA125 level of patients with endometriosis clinical pathological stage Ⅱ-Ⅳ was significantly higher than that of patients with stage Ⅰ (P ＜ 0.05).The endometriosis clinical TNM stage was positively correlated with preoperative serum CA125 level in the observation group (r =0.8795,P ＜ 0.05).The preoperative serum CA125 level in patients with dysmenorrhea score 1 point,2 points,3 points was significantly higher than that in patients with dysmenorrhea score 0 point (P ＜ 0.05).The preoperative serum level of CA125 was positively correlated with dysmenorrhea score in the observation group (r =0.5594,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The detection of serum carbohydrate antigen CA125 level has important value in diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of ovarian endometriosis.

Objective:Comparative analysis of imaging features of abdominal CT, B ultrasound and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in three different methods for detection of extrahepatic bile duct stones. Methods: A random sample of extrahepatic bile duct stones were a sample of 150 cases as the object of study, patients in the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography after diagnosis, followed by B ultrasound examination, the implementation of CT scanning and MRI imaging in 142 cases, including 78 cases of B ultrasound detection, CT detection, 118 cases underwent MRI examination. Results: The detection results were recorded and compared the 3 imaging methods. Results: The positive rate of B ultrasound 39.4%, the positive rate of CT was 53.8%, MRI positive rate was 86.4%, the positive rate of MRI was significantly higher than that of B ultrasound and CT (x2=59.725, x2=25.595; P<0.01), the detection rate of CT was significantly higher than that of B ultrasound(x2=4.231, P<0.05). Diameter less than 8 mm of extrahepatic bile duct stones with B ultrasound and positive rate of 25%, the positive rate of CT was 33.3%, MRI positive rate was 60%, the positive rate of MRI was significantly higher than that of B ultrasound and CT(x2=7.789, x2=7.789;P<0.01), the detection rate of CT with no significant differences between the B ultrasound. Conclusion:MRI of extrahepatic bile duct stones with B ultrasound and the positive rate of CT is higher, but the clinical needs according to the comprehensive evaluation of individual patients, economic status, symptoms, diagnosis method for selecting suitable.

Objective To summarize and discuss the clinical results of lumbar catheter drainage auxiliary ventricle drainage surgical puncture on patients with intraventricular hemorrhage about postoperative ADL.Methods The 86 patients with intraventricular hemorrhage admitted to our hospital were randomly divided into two groups,43 patients in control group were given conventional lateral ventricle puncture and continued external drainage,43 patients in observation group were given lumbar catheter drainage auxiliary ventricle drainage surgical puncture based on the conventional treatment.Clinical efficacy were observed,and functional outcomes were evaluated.Results The clearance rate of intraventricular hemorrhage and hospitalized days of the observation group were lower than those of the control group (t =4.23,11.82,all P ＜ 0.05),Quality of life in the observation group was better than that in the control group(x2 =1.73,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The clinical result of lumbar catheter drainage auxiliary ventricle drainage surgery for intraventricular hemorrhage in patients is satisfactory and worthy of clinical application.

There are still two outstanding problems in comprehensive quality assessment index system of clinical medical undergraduates:contents of assessment is incomprehensive and every index has no quantitative research based weight.This article elaborated on a complete index framework,covering required knowledge,abilities,attitude,morality of clinical medical undergraduates and proposed a set of methods and processes,including literature research method,system analysis method,brainstorming,expert interviews,Delphi method,and some statistical methods,providing a theoretical basis for the development of comprehensive quality assessment index system for clinical medical undergraduates.

Objective To evaluate the effects of developing professional value of nursing students based on Chinese medicine culture.Methods 69 nursing students in the second year were divided into the intervention group(n=34) and the control group (n=35).The students in the intervention group received a 3-month education project based on Chinese medicine culture,while the control group received only routine education plan.The effect of the intervention was evaluated by nursing professional values-R (NPVS-R) at the end of the intervention.Results The scores of NPVS-R including total scores and the scores of the two dimensions of caregiving and behavioristic in the intervention group significantly increased compared with those in the control group.Conclusions The intervention of developing professional value of nursing students based on Chinese medicine culture can improve the level of professional value.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine,Songling Xuemaikang Capsule on the individual with cerebral infarction reconvalescent and its mechanism.Methods Patients in control group( n =54) received regularly therapy and treatment group( n =55) was treated with regularly therapy and Songling Xuemaikang Capsule for eight weeks respectively.The clinical therapeutic effeets,Barthel index,hemorheology indexes,serum lipid and C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined.Results The total clinical effective rate in treatment group and control group was 70.9％ and 55.6％ (P ＜ 0.01 ).After eight weeks treatment,the scores of Barthel Index,hemorheology indexes,the amounts of serum lipid and CRP in treatment group were improved significantly as compared to the control group ( P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01 ).There was no severely side effect found in this trial.Conclusion Songling Xuemaikang Capsule could partly improve patients clinical outcome and life quality.The clinical efficacy of Songling Xuemaikang Capsule on the individual with cerebral infarction reconvalescent should be related to its functioning to promote the recovery of patients' blood hemorheology,and regulate serum lipid and decrease CRP level.