E-health was referred as the use of internet and ICT ( information and communication technology) for health in this paper, which mainly encompassed electronic health record, online health information and tele-health. The paper summarized the new characteristics of privacy of e-health, and presented current privacy issues raised by these applications. The major privacy concerns were unauthorized access to and secondary use of privacy data. The paper put forward some governance suggestions of privacy protection.

Objective To investigate the adverse event reporting of nurses and analyze the influenc-ing factors. Methods A sample of 801 nurses were assessed by completing AHRQ Hospital Survey On Patient Safety Culture (Chinese version). Results 82.65% of respondents within hospital didn't reported a single event in the past 12 months. The positive responsive rates for "frequency of event reported"and "nonpunitive response to error"was 29.92% and 29.38% respectively, where higher scores were found in the respondents possessing bachelor degrees and the average score of the respondents from out-patients unit was lower than those from other units. Conclusions The findings illustrate that it is necessary to improve the performance of event reporting of nurses and the influence factors lie in the level of the nurses' educa-tion degree and whether the event reporting system is punitive or not.

[Summary] The study summarized surgical cooperation key points during percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy combined with radiofrequency in 60 cases, including preoperative preparation, intraoperative care, and maintenance and sterilization of instruments after the surgery.All the 60 operations were successfully completed, without complications such as intraoperative dural rupture and nerve root injury.Postoperatively, an instant relief of low back pain was obtained and the lower limb straight leg raising test showed negative immediately.The preoperative preparation and proficiency with special surgical skills are conducive to successful operation and improvement of surgical outcomes.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a common malignant tumor, which has a poor prognosis and a high mortality rate. Under the influence of respiratory motion, the position error of liver cancer is relatively high. The image-guided radiotherapy is a combination of radiotherapy and imaging device, which can detect and correct the error caused by the movement of the organs and the position of the pendulum to improve the accuracy of radiotherapy.

Objective To investigate the serum level of C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with cerebral infarction and its effect on the prognosis of brain infarction.Methods 113 patients (86 with thrombosis and 27 with lacunar infarction) and 48 healthy persons as control were enrolled in this study. The serum level and abnormal rate of CRP were determined. All the patients were scored by clinic neurological function deficit scale (NDS).Results The serum level of CRP in the patients with thrombosis was higher than that in the patients with lacunar infarction. It was also higher in the patients with lacunar infarction than in normal controls (all P

Objective:To analyze differential diagnosis and imaging feature of ultrasonography and MRI for adrenal pheochromocytoma.Methods: The manifestations of the preoperative ultrasound and MRI of the 37 patient with adrenal pheochromocytoma who once were confirmed by pathology were analyzed by the retrospective analysis. The result of pathology was used as standard to analyze the accuracy rate and clinical feature of the two detection methods in the diagnosis of adrenal pheochromocytoma.Results: The results of pathological diagnosis for the 37 cases showed that 35 cases were benign and 2 cases were malignant. After the results of preoperative ultrasound was tested by using pathology, the tested results of 37 cases showed 32 cases were adrenal pheochromocytoma, 2 cases were adrenocortical adenocarcinoma and 3 cases were adrenal adenoma. As these results, the accuracy rate of preoperative ultrasound was 86.49%. And after the results of preoperative MRI was tested by using pathology, the tested results of 37 cases showed that 34 cases were adrenal pheochromocytoma, 2 cases were adrenocortical adenocarcinoma and 1 case was adrenal adenoma. And its accuracy rate was 91.89%. Therefore, if patients were diagnosed with adrenal pheochromocytoma by using preoperative imaging detection, they should be considered to receive further diagnosis so as to distinguish adrenal pheochromocytoma with adrenal adenoma, adrenocortical adenocarcinoma, metastatic tumor and lipomatous. Conclusion: Both of ultrasound and MRI can accurately achieve location, diagnosis of qualitative identification for adrenal pheochromocytoma, and the clinical feature and imaging feature which combined the two detections can increase the detectable rate and accuracy rate for adrenal pheochromocytoma.

In vitro diagnostic ( IVD) manufacturers were important suppliers of external servicesto medical laboratories .There equipment , reagents , calibration and maintenauce services played an important role in ensuring the quality of medical laboratory tests .It is also helpful for IVD manufacturers to establish and maintain a good reputation and credibility .ISO 15189:2012“Medical laboratories -Requirements for quality and competence” was issued onNovember 1, 2012, which replaced the second edition (ISO 15189:2007).Requirements related to IVD manufacturers are involved in the new edition standard .The article aimed to help medical laboratories and IVD manufacturers understand the requirements ; therefore , laboratories would know how to select suppliers based on their ability to supply external services , IVD manufacturers would know how to meet the needs of laboratories , and the cooperation between IVD manufacturers and laboratories would be facilitated .

This study aimed to investigate the immune adjuvant effect and mechanism induced by chitosan nanoparticles carrying pJME/GM-CSF. In this study, plasmid DNA (pJME/GM-CSF) was encapsulated in chitosan to prepare chitosan-pJME/GM-CSF nanoparticles using a complex coacervation process. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the type of infiltrating cells at the site of intramuscular injection. The phenotype and functional changes of splenic DCs were measured by flow cytometry after different immunogens were injected intramuscularly. The killing activity of CTLs was assessed using the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. The preparation of chitosan-pJME/GM-CSF nanoparticles matched the expected theoretical results. Our results also found that, after pJME/GM-CSF injection, the incoming cells were a mixture of macrophages, neutrophils, and immature DCs. Meanwhile, pJME/GM-CSF increased the expression of MHC class II molecules on splenic DCs, and enhanced their Ag capture and presentation functions. Cell-mediated immunity was induced by the vaccine. Furthermore, chitosan-pJME/GM-CSF nanoparticles outperformed the administration of standard pJME/GM-CSF in terms of DC recruitment, antigen processing and presentation, and vaccine enhancement. These findings reveal that chitosan could be used as delivery vector for DNA vaccine intramuscular immunizations, and enhance pJME/GM-CSF-induced cellular immune responses.
Adjuvants, Immunologic ; administration & dosage ; Animals ; Chitosan ; administration & dosage ; immunology ; Dendritic Cells ; immunology ; virology ; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese ; genetics ; immunology ; Encephalitis, Japanese ; immunology ; prevention & control ; virology ; Female ; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor ; administration & dosage ; genetics ; immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular ; Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines ; administration & dosage ; genetics ; immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Nanoparticles ; administration & dosage ; Spleen ; immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic ; immunology ; virology ; Vaccines, DNA ; administration & dosage ; genetics ; immunology

Objective Construction and expression of recombinant plasmid fusing encoding prME protein derived from Japanese encephalitis virus （JEV） and GM-CSF of BALB/c mouse. Methods GM-CSF gene was ampli/ied by nested-RT-PCR from BALB/c spleen cells. JEV prME protein gene was eluted by the digestion with restrict/on endonucleases BamH I/EcoR I from pJME piasmid. Genetic fusion of prME protein and GM-CSF are subcloned info pcDNA3.1 （＋） eukaryotic vector, and named as pJME/GM-CSF.The recombinant was confirmed by restriction enzymes digestion and DNA sequencing, and then transfected into China hamster ovary （CHO） cells by Lipofectamine2000. pJME/ GM-CSF expression in CHO cells was examined by Western blot. Results We observed 2001 bp and 2472 bp DNA fragments when pJME/GM-CSF was digested with BamHI/EcoRI and BamHI/NotI respectively as expected. The estimated molecular weight of the fusion protein was 85kD. Conclusion The recombinant pJME/GM-CSF was constructed and transfected into CHO cells successfully with pJME/GMCSF stably expressed.

Objective To study the characteristics of EEG after tramsient ischemic attack and to offer reference for screening procedure of aircrew and astronaut selection. Method The dominant frequency uncertainty of alpha band EEG in 12 pilots(males; age 30±5) with transient ischemic episodes in middle cerebral artery(MCA) territories and in 20 normal healthy pilots was analyzed with frequency-fluctuation analysis. Result The dominant probability of the main frequency coinciding with sites affected by transient ischaemic attack(TIA) in patient pilots was higher than that in healthy pilots (P<0.01),and the dominant probability ratio logarithmic index I≥0 in all patient pilots with normal EEG, but I<0 in all healthy pilots. It was also found that not only I≥0, but the second component shifted to lower frequency(8 Hz) in patients with slight focal EEG alterations,i.e. slowing of frequency. The relative entropy values (percentage) were decreased significantly in pilots with TIA as compared with healthy pilots (P＜0.05). Conclusion The dominant frequency uncertainty analysis of alpha band showed clear superiority of computerized evaluation over routine visual assessment for the diagnosis of minor cerebral ischemia. It offers not only a possibility of studying pathophysiological functional parameter, but also the reference for screening procedure in aircrew and astronaut selection.