The structure and function of the dialysate circuit of the hemodialysis machine are analyzed with the discussion on the relationship between dialysis quality,safety and compliations with the dialysate circuit,including dialysate temperature control,ultrafiltration control and dialysis hypotension,dialysate mixing and electrolytes homeostasis,disinfections of the machine and chronic inflammation of the patients,in order to improve the understanding on the related problems for both technicians and medical personnel,thus enhancing the prevention,monitoring and appropriate intervention of the potential failures,aiming to ensure the dialysis safety and optimal dialysis quality.

Objective Tanycytes(TAs) is a specialized eppendymal glia that locates mostly in the ventral lateral wall of the ventricle III and median eminence(ME).Due to its peculiar location and directly exposure to the cerebrospinal fluid,blood,neuroendocrine hormones and neurons,tanycytes play an important role in the brain barrier system,brain-CSF neurohumoral circuit and immune-neuroendocrine network.They maintain immature characters during the adulthood and have naturally conducted the neuroregeneration process in the adult hypothalamus of mammal animals.This research was designed to identify tanycytes(TAs) in postnatal 7 days of Wistar rats and then establish the cell model of TAs for further study.Methods Tanycytes of postnatal 7 days of Wistar rats were identified by the immunohistochemical technology using glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) and vimentin(VIM),which are the intermediate filament markers of glia cells.The qualitative analysis was performed by the NADPH-d stain of nitric oxide sythenase(NOS).Primary TAs model was established by the cell culture technique and identified by the same methods as in vivo.Results Primary cultured TAs expressed VIM,GFAP and NOS which was identical with those in vivo.Conclusion Cell model of TAs from postnatal 7days of Wistar rats in vitro has been established and TAs could be used as a proper substrate for transplanting.

The arteries of the breasts of 25 Chinese female cadavers, injected with color latex, were dissected and observed by surgical microscope. These arteries originate from the first, second and third perforating branches of the internal thoracic artery. They were classified into five types. The two branch type occured most frequently (54%), and is musculoadenocutaneous in nature. The distribution of this type of artery is in four directions, one branch to the nipple, the second branch to the axilla, the third branch to the sternum and the last branch to the clavicle. The second perforating branch is the largest in diameter, 0.92 mm., the first and third perforating branches come next. The area of distribution of the second perforating branch is also the largest, 6265.50 mm2, and the third and first perforating branches come next. The first perforating branch crosses the 4 th rib in 52%, and that of the second perforating branch in 43%. The arteries supplying the medial portion of the breast have an extensive anastomoses (48%) with those arteries of the lateral portion.

The arterial blood supply of the lateral portion of the breasts was studied in 50 sides of 25 Chinese female cadavers. The results are obtained as follows: 1.the arteries leading to the lateral portion of the breast are constant. Among them, 38% originates from the lateral thoracic artery, 24% from the brachial artery and 15% from the axillary artery. 2.One branch type arteries were found in 28 breasts (56%),two branch type arteries in 20 breasts (40%) and three branch type arteries in 2 breasts (4%). 3.The average diameter of the arterial origin isl.37.06mm.the average length of the artery is 171.9?5.82 mm. and the average range of distribution is 52.8?6.18 mm. 4.Besides supplying the skin of the lateral portion of the breast, the artery also supplies the gland, areola and the nipple. 5.The branches arising from the axillary artery arc musculoadenocutaneous, and those arising from the brachial artery are adenocutaneous. 6.The average distance between the artery and the center of the nipple is 38.6?4.34 mm. 7.The arterial supply is rich in anastomoses with its surrounding arteries, especially with the papillary branches of the internal thoracic artery. 8.The arteries originating from the brachial artery have long pedicles and their location is superficial and constant. Lastly, clinical significance of these arteries were discussed.

By summarizing the features of medical diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia,this article mainly analyzes the ethical disfigurement and relevant harm,discusses the ethical principles and requirement which doctors and nurses should abide by during the whole medical course,so that doctors' ethical diathesis can be improved,and a harmonious physician-patient relationship can be achieved.

Many datas show that thrombosis related events during chemotherapy in patients with cancer increase obviously.Thromboprophylaxis in patients receiving chemotherapy has been shown to not only improve the hypercoagulable states and effectively prevent thrombosis,but also have the potential antitumor effect and prolong the patients over survival.

Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) can effectively treat symptomatic carotid stenosis, however, perioperative stroke is the most important complication of CEA. The microemboli generated before and after the operation are the most important reason for causing perioperative stroke. In addition, the hypoperfusion and postoperative hyperperfusion syndrome caused by intraoperative clipping of carotid artery, as well as carotid restenosis or occlusion after CEA are all the causes of perioperative stroke. As a non-invasive, real-time monitoring tool, transcranial Doppler (TCD) can be widely used in intraoperative monitoring of CEA, It is able to detect a variety of perioperative blood flow changes and the production of microemboli, and thus effectively predicts the occurrence of perioperative stroke, and decreases the risks of perioperative stroke.

Objective To explore the relationship of coping style and social support with hope in maintenance hemodialysis patients.Methods A total of 177 maintenance hemodialysis patients were recruited from 3 dialysis centers in Guangzhou and were investigated with the self-designed questionnaire,the Herth Hope Scale,Simplified Coping Scale and Social Support Scale.Structural equation model was used to establish the model of relationship of coping style and social support with hope level.Results The average score of hope in maintenance hemodialysis patients was (31.83±3.69) points.The total score and all the sub-scores of social support were (42.24±4.09) points,(23.72±2.36) points,(10.82±2.26) points,(7.70±1.36) points respectively.And the average scores of positive coping style and the negative coping style were (2.15±0.28) points,(1.56±0.33) points,respectively.Social support had direct positive effect on hope level,and the positive and neg-ative coping style had indirect positive and negative effect on hope level respectively.Conclusions Social support has a direct effects on hope level in maintenance hemodialysis patients.Positive and negative cop-ing styles have indirect effects on hope level through social support.

Objective To analyze the postoperative complications of external fixator in treatment of elderly high-risk intertrochanteric fractures and its effect on length of hospital stay and on in-hospital fees.Methods The study involved 55 elderly patients with high-risk intertrochanteric fractures fixed with Orthofix external fixators from January 2009 to December 2011.There were 21 males and 34 females at age range of 70-79 years.All patients were associated with one underlying disease at least.Relationship of complications with patients' age,preoperative underlying diseases,surgery operation and postoperative care were analyzed.Results Common postoperative complications were lung infection (11％),screw channel exudation (25％),superficial pin tract infection (13％) and pain around the screws (22％).Factors for lung infection included the underlying lung disease and cerebral infarction before operation.Influential factor of screw channel exudation was the degree of damage to soft tissue intraoperatively.Influential factor of the superficial pin tract infection was postoperative care level.Average length of hospital stay was 5.17 days longer for patients who experienced complications after operation.Conclusions Common postoperative complications are influenced by preoperative occurrence of underlying lung disease as well as cerebral infarction,intraoperative damage to soft tissues and postoperative care level.Postoperative complications prolong the length of hospital stay and increase the treatment expense.

Age-associated changes in cardiovascular structure/ function are implicated in the markedly increased risk for cardiovascular disease in older persons. Aging not only prolongs exposure to several other cardiovascular risks, but also leads to intrinsic cardiac changes, which reduces cardiac functional reserve, predisposes the heart to stress and contributes to increased cardiovascular mortality in the elderly. Intrinsic cardiac aging in the murine model closely recapitulates age-related cardiac changes in humans, including left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction. Cardiac aging in mice is accompanied by accumulation of mitochondrial protein oxidation, increased mitochondrial DNA mutations, increased mitochondrial biogenesis, as well as decreased cardiac SERCA2 protein. All of these age-related changes are significantly attenuated in mice overexpressing catalase targeted to mitochondria (mCAT). These findings demonstrate the critical role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cardiac aging and support the potential application of mitochondrial antioxidants to cardiac aging and age-related cardiovascular diseases.