It is of great importance to have a correct understanding of what is meant by governmental purchasiug and the system of governmental purchasing. The authors first expound the connotation and extension, characteristics and forms of governmental purchasing and the significance and necessity of centralized drug purchasing. Then they focus their discussion on the specific procedures of centralized drug purchasing. Finally they point out that it is imperative to seek unity of thinking, standardize operations, adopt institutionalized means of management, and make a really good job of centralized drug purchasing.

The article discusses whether the "Law for Protection of Rights and Interests of Consumers" is applicable to the disposal of medical disputes between doctors and Patienes. From the point of the Principle of exchang of commodities, the relation between doctors and patients is not one of commodity consumption on the basis of exchange at equal value. In terms of the nature of the medical and health cause, hospitals are not operators managing goods. In light of the inherent characteristics of medical service, medical and health work is a special trade of services. In the perspective of law, medical services are no ordinary acts of economically legal relation between doctors and patients,they are rather a special consuming act on the side of consumers and there is a special economically legal relation between doctors and patients. Accordingly, the "Law for Protection of Rights and Interests of Consumers" is not applicable to the diposal of disputes between doctors and patients.

Objective To investigate the relationship between chromosome 6p copy number alterations (CNAs) and postoperative intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC);and to screen for the target genes in CNA(s).Methods Array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and expression arrays were used to detect CNAs and differences in gene expression, respectively.The associations between CNAs in 6p and HCC recurrence were analyzed using the log-rank test, the Kaplan-Meier curves and the Cox proportional hazards models on 66 patients who had been follow-up for 2.6 ～ 73.3 months.The differentially expression of genes in the potentially recurrence-related CNAs were further evaluated by the MannWhitney U test on 117 HCCs, which included 109 cases with paired array CGH and expression data.Results 6p CNAs were detected in 46 (69.7％) of the 66 HCCs.Of the 8 CNAs with the most frequent recurrence of over 20％ , a gain at 6p21.1 was independently associated with a 2.3-fold (95％ CI =1.1 ～ 5.1, P ＜ 0.05) increased risk for intrahepatic recurrence and with a more pronounced 3.3-fold (95％ CI =1.4 ～ 8.2, P ＜0.05) risk for early recurrence (≤ 1 year).A panel of 9 genes, including BYSL and RPL7L1 within the documented 6p21.1, were observed to be upregulated in HCCs with 6p21.1 gain when compared with HCCs without (all P ＜ 0.05).A high BYSL expression significantly correlated with a larger tumor size (＞ 6 cm), vascular invasion and advanced tumor stage (all P ＜ 0.05), and high RPL7L1 expression significantly correlated with vascular invasion and advanced tumor stage (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion A gain at 6p21.1 was an independently prognostic marker for intrahepatic recurrence of postoperative HCC, particular for early recurrence, and BYSL and RPL7L1 might be the target genes in the recurrence-related 6p21.1 gain.

OBJECTIVE To assess the association of copy number variations (CNVs) in chromosome 17q with the overall survival(OS) of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), and to screen for target genes contained in the OS-related CNVs. METHODS A total of 174 HCC cases were enrolled. For 66 patients, the follow-up data was available. High-resolution Agilent Hu-244A array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 expression arrays were used to detect CNVs and gene expression of genes from the 17q region, respectively. The association of CNVs and OS was assessed with Log-rank test, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and Cox proportional hazards models. The gene expression in HCCs with 17q gain, HCCs without, and non-tumor liver tissues were compared with a Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS Univariate association analysis showed that copy number gain in 17q25.1-25.3 was significantly associated with reduced OS (Log-rank test, P = 0.00002), and HCC cases with 17q25.1-25.3 gain had a 4.76-fold (95%CI: 2.31-9.81) increased hazard ratio (HR) for death from HCC, as compared to those without the gain. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model revealed 17q25.1-25.3 gain to be an independent prognostic marker for poor OS (HR = 3.17, 95%CI: 1.39-7.26, P = 0.006). The expression levels of 18 genes in 17q25.1-25.3 including SLC9A3R1, GRB2, and TK1 were significantly increased in HCCs with gain than in those without (all P < 0.01) and non-tumor liver tissues (all P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The association of 17q25.1-25.3 gain with reduced OS has indicated that it is a prognostic marker for poor patient survival in HCC, for which SLC9A3R1, GRB2, and TK1 are candidate genes.
Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; genetics ; mortality ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17 ; DNA Copy Number Variations ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; genetics ; mortality ; Male ; Middle Aged

Tissue engineering bone technology, grounded in seed cells, cytokines, and scaffold supports, provides an effective solution for addressing extensive bone defects, demonstrating significant potentials in the field of bone repair. However, this technology still faces numerous challenges. Focusing on vascularization in engineered bones, this article reviews various methods to enhance vascularization within tissue-engineered bones, including multicellular co-culture, application of angiogenic factors, advanced 3D printing, and aid of surgical interventions. This article also analyses the latest research developments and the limitations of the methods, and speculates future research directions for tissue engineered bone.

Objective To investigate the intervention effect and mechanism of sinomenine(SIN)on Parkinson's disease(PD)mice based on GSK3 β/Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κ B signaling pathways.Methods C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 6 groups:normal group,model group,positive drug group(Levodopa,75 mg?kg-1)and SIN low-,medium-and high-dose groups(20,40,80 mg?kg-1),with 8 mice in each group.Mice were intraperitoneally injected with 20 mg?kg-1 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(MPTP)once a day for 5 days.Intragastric administration was performed 1 hour after injection of MPTP,once a day for 12 days.On the day 11 of administration,the mice were subjected to a pole-climbing experiment,and on the day 12,a rotating rod experiment was performed to test the behavioral changes of the mice.The levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and IL-6 were detected by ELISA.The mRNA expression levels of TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 in brain tissue were detected by RT-qPCR.The protein expression levels of TH,Nrf2,HO-1,p-GSK3β,GSK3β,p-IκB,IκB,p-NF-κB and NF-κB in brain tissue were detected by Western Blot.Results Compared with the normal group,the automatic turning latency(T-turn)of the model group was significantly prolonged(P＜0.05),and the number of falls was significantly increased(P＜0.001).The expression level of TH protein in brain tissue was significantly decreased(P＜0.01),and the mRNA expression levels of IL-1β,TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly increased(P＜0.001).The serum levels of TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly increased(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).The protein expression levels of p-GSK3β/GSK3β,Nrf2 and HO-1 in brain tissue were significantly decreased(P＜0.05,P＜0.001),and the protein expression ratios of p-IκB/IκB and p-NF-κB/NF-κB were significantly increased(P＜0.001).Compared with the model group,the T-turn in the Sin medium-and high-dose groups was significantly shortened(P＜0.05,P＜0.001),the falling latency was significantly prolonged(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),the times of falls was significantly reduced(P＜0.001),the expression level of TH protein in brain tissue was significantly increased(P＜0.01,P＜0.001),and the level of serum TNF-α was significantly decreased(P＜0.05).The mRNA expression levels of IL-1β,TNF-α and IL-6 in brain tissue of mice in each administration group were significantly decreased(P＜0.001),the serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly decreased(P＜0.01,P＜0.001),the protein expression levels of p-GSK3β/GSK3β,Nrf2 and HO-1 in brain tissue were significantly increased(P＜0.05,P＜0.01,P＜0.001),and the protein expression ratios of p-IκB/IκB and p-NF-κB/NF-κB were significantly decreased(P＜0.001).Conclusion SIN can enhance anti-oxidative stress and inhibit neuroinflammation by regulating GSK3β/Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB pathways in the brain of Parkinson's disease mice,thereby exerting neuroprotective effects.

Objective: To investigate the molecular markers of copy number aberrations (CNAs) of genes related to extrohepatic metastasis-free survival after the operation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: The CNA status of 20 candidate genes in 66 HCC samples was detected by microarray comparative genomic hybridization. The associations between gene CNAs and extrohepatic metastasis-free survival were evaluated using the Cox regression model, Log-rank test, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results: Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that the independent risk factors for metastasis-free survival were MDM4 gain (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.18-6.37, P < 0.05), APC loss (HR = 8.43, 95% CI = 2.48-28.66, P < 0.01), and BCL2L1 gain (HR = 3.45, 95% CI = 1.13-10.52, P < 0.05) and the independent protective factor was FBXW7 loss (HR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.12-0.89, P < 0.05). By stepwise Cox regression analysis, three CNAs related to metastasis-free survival were screened out: MDM4 gain (HR = 2.71, 95% CI = 1.11-6.64, P < 0.05), APC loss (HR = 7.19, 95% CI = 1.88-27.60, P < 0.005), and FBXW7 loss (HR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.05-0.46, P < 0.01). There were significant differences in metastasis-free survival rate between the HCC patients with FBXW7 loss and without MDM4 gain or APC loss, those with MDM4 gain and/or APC loss and without FBXW7 loss, and those with other CNA combinations (log-rank test, P < 0.01). Conclusion MDM4 gain, APC loss, and FBXW7 loss are the independent prognostic factors for extrohepatic metastasis-free survival after the operation for HCC and can be used to predict the risk of extrohepatic metastasis after the operation for HCC.