Objective:To explore the effect of Shenfu Injection (SFI) on expression of Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) in renal failure rats induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) and its possible mechanism. Methods:The model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion was induced by clamping superior mesenteric artery for one hour and then releasing the arterial clamp for six hours. Wistar rats were randomized into three groups:IR+normal saline group,IR+SFI group and control group (C group). The serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were observed respectively. Expression of HO-1 and iNOS in rat kidney tissue was detected by immunohistochemitry and morphometry computer image analysis. The histological change of kidney was observed under light microscope. Results:①Compared with C group,expression of HO-1 and iNOS increased markedly in IR+ normal saline group (P

Objective To investigate the role of spinal hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels in dexmedetomidine-produced antinociceptic effect.Methods In vivo experiment Thirty wild type C57BL/6J mice and 30 HCN1 gene knockout (HCN1-/-) mice, aged 2-3 months, weighing 19-25 g, were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=6 each) using a random number table: control group (group C), and dexmedetomidine 10, 20, 30 and 40 μg/kg groups (Dex10, Dex20,Dex30 and Dex40 groups).In Dex10, Dex20, Dex30 and Dex40 groups, dexmedetomidine 10, 20, 30 and 40 μg/kg were intraperitoneally injected, respectively.The equal volume of normal saline was given in group C.Before dexmedetomidine administration, and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 min after dexmedetomidine administration, tail flick latency to a thermal nociceptive stimulus was measured, and the percentage of the maximum possible effect (MPE％) was calculated.In vitro experiment HCN1 and HCN2 plasmids and green fluorescent plasmids were transfected into HEK293 cells with liposome 2000.At 24-48 h after transfection, HCN1 and HCN2 channel currents were recorded using whole-cell patch clamp technique.HCN channel currents were recorded as baseline value after rupture of membrane.HEK293 cells were perfused with the extracellular fluid containing different concentrations of dexmedetomidine (0.1, 1.0 or 10.0 μmol/L).After the cells were perfused with dexmedetomidine 0.1 μmol/L for 5 min, HCN currents were recorded.The inhibition rate of currents were calculated.After washout, HCN currents were recorded after the cells were perfused with the next concentration for 5 min.The half-maximal activation voltage (V1/2) of HCN channels and the curve slope were recorded.The difference in V1/2 before and after administration (△V1/2) were calculated.Results Compared with group C, MPE％ was significantly increased in Dex10 group-Dex40 group of wild type and HCN1-/-mice (P＜0.05).Compared with Dex30 and Dex40 groups of wild type mice, MPE％ was significantly decreased in Dex30 and Dex40 groups of HCN1-/-mice (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in MPE％ between Dex10 group and Dex20 group of wild type and HCN1-/-mice (P＞0.05).Compared with the baseline value, the currents and V1/2 of HCN1 and HCN2 channels in HEK293 cells were significantly decreased when the cells were perfused with dexmedetomidine 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 μmol/L (P＜0.05).Compared with the value when the cells were perfused with dexmedetomidine 0.1 μmol/L, the currents and V1/2 of HCN1 and HCN2 channels in HEK293 cells were significantly decreased, and inhibition rate of currents and △ V1/2were increased when perfused with dexmedetomidine 1.0 and 10.0 μmol/L (P＜0.05).Compared with the value when the cells were perfused with dexmedetomidine 1.0 μmol/L, the currents and V1/2 of HCN1 and HCN2 channels in HEK293 cells were significantly decreased, and inhibition rate of currents and △ V1/2were increased when perfused with dexmedetomidine 10.0 μmol/L (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in the activation curve slope of HCN1 and HCN2 channel currents in HEK293 cells when the cells were perfused with dexmedetomidine 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 μmol/L (P＞0.05).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine-produced antinociceptic effect is likely related to the inhibition of spinal HCN channel opening.

Objective To evaluate the effects of ischemic postconditioning on brain injury induced by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in diabetic rats.Methods Diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal streptozotocin 60 mg/kg and confirmed by blood glucose level ＞ 16.7 mmol/L.Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 220-280 g,in which diabetes mellitus was successfully induced,were randomly allocated into 3 groups (n =10 each) using a random number table:group sham operation (group S),group I/R and group ischemic postconditioning (group P).Myocardial I/R was induced by occlusion of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery in I/R and P groups.Group P received 3 cycles of 10 s reperfusion followed by 10 s ischemia at the end of myocardial ischemia.The rats were sacrificed at 120 min of reperfusion and the brains were removed for microscopic examination and for determination of cell apoptosis (by TUNEL) and expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6),IL-8,IL-10,glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) and phosphorylated GSK-3β (pGSK-3β) (by immuno-histochemistry).Apoptotic index was calculated.Results Compared with group S,apoptotic index was significantly increased,IL-6 and IL-8 expression was up-regulated,and IL-10 and pGSK-3β expression was downregulated in I/R and P groups (P ＜ 0.01).Compared with group I/R,apoptotic index was significantly decreased,IL-6 and IL-8 expression was down-regulated,and IL-10 and pGSK-3β expression was up-regulated in group P (P＜0.01).There was no significant difference in GSK-3β expression among the 3 groups (P ＞ 0.05).The pathologic changes were significantly attenuated in group P as compared with group I/R.Conclusion Ischemic postconditioning can attenuate brain injury induced by myocardial I/R in diabetic rats,and inhition of activity of GSK-3β may be involved in the mechanism.

Objective To establish neuropathic pain models,explore the effects and mechanisms of dexmedetomidine on neuropathic pain.Methods Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n =9):0.9％ sodium chloride solution CCI group (N),dexmedetomidine CCI group (D),ZD7288 CCI group (Z) and sham-operated group (Sham).Sciatic nerve ligation was performed in group N,D and Z.The sciatic nerve in group Sham was exposured without ligation.7 d after surgery,the rats in group D were intraperitoneal injected with dexmedetomidine (40 μg· kg-1),and the rats in group Z were intraperitoneal injected with ZD7288 (10 mg·kg-1)once a day for 3 d.The same volume of 0.9％ sodium chloride solution was given at the same time in group N.The behavioral test was performed before and 7 d after operation,as well as 3 d after injection treatment.Mechanical allodynia was assessed by paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT) to von Frey filaments.Thermal hyperalgesia was assessed by paw thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) to radiant heat.Dexmedetomidine block of HCN channels in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were confirmed by whole-cell recording.Results 7 d after surgery,the PWMT and TWL of rats in group N,D and Z were decreased significantly (P ＜ 0.05).The PWMT and TWL in group Sham were no significant difference before and after operation.Dexmedetomidine significantly increased the levers of PWMT and TWL in group D and Z after treatment for 3 d,and group Z was greater than group D (P ＜ 0.05).Dexmedetomidine (0.1,1,10 μmol· L-1) caused a concentration-dependent decrease in the amplitude of Ih in DRG neurons from (-844.43 ± 386.34) to (-215.99 ± 63.90) pA (P ＜ 0.05),and the inhibition rate of Ih was (11.87 ± 1.80) ％,(35.26 ± 3.65) ％ and (52.02 ± 5.56) ％,respectively(P ＜0.05).Dexmedetomidine produced a dose-related shift to the left of the Ih activation,and a negative shift in V1/2 (P ＜ 0.05).V1/2 shifted from (-86.21 ± 1.68) to (-103.54 ± 2.01) mV (P ＜ 0.05).The slope values were not altered by dexmedetomidine.Conclusion Dexmedetomidine produces a dose-dependently analgesic effect on neuropathic pain after peripheral never injury,which is likely due to the inhibition of Ih and reduction of ectopic spontaneous discharge in DRG neurons.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound-guided obturator nerve block using proximal interfascial technique.Methods Seventy ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes, aged 43-82 yr, with body mass index of 18.0-30.5 kg/m2, scheduled for elective trans-urethral resection of bladder tumor, were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =35 each) using a random number table: remote interfascial technique group (group R) and proximal interfascial technique group (group P).In group R, interfascial injections at 2 planes, lateral and deep to the adductor brevis muscle, were carried out with 0.375％ ropivacaine 7.5 ml to block each obturator nerve branch separately.In group P, 0.375％ ropivacaine 15.0 ml was injected under ultrasound guidance at the interfascial plane inferior to the superior pubic ramus (between the pectineus and obturator externus).The strength of thigh adduction was measured before injection (baseline) and at 5, 10, and 15 min after injection.Then combined spinal-epidural anesthesia was performed at L3,4 interspace.The 50％ strength reduction indicated a successful block.The block performance time was recorded.The success rate of block at 15 min after injection was calculated.It was considered clinically effective when obvious muscle twitching interfering with the surgical procedure did not appear.The clinical outcome was assessed, and the effective rate of clinical outcome was calculated.Results Compared with group R, the block performance time was significantly shortened, the success rate of block, strength reduction at 10 and 15 min after injection, and clinical outcome were increased in group P.There were no significant differences in the effective rate of clinical outcome.Conclusion Compared with remote interfascial technique, ultrasound-guided obturator nerve block using proximal interfascial technique provides easier and rapid procedure, higher success rate of block and better clinical outcome of block.

Objective To investigate the analgesic efficacy and spinal neurotoxicity of intrathecal (IT) different doses of dexmedetomidine in rats. Methods Sixty male SD rats weighing 180-220 g were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n = 12 each): groupnormal control (group C); group IT normal saline (group N); different doses of dexmedetomidine groups received IT dexmedetomidine 0.75, 1.50 and 3.00 μg/kg respectively (groups D1.3). Paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation (PWMT)with yon Frey filaments and tail flick latency (TFL) to a thermal nociceptive stimulus were measured before (To, baseline) and at 30 or60 rin after IT dexmedetomidine or normal saline administration (T1, T2 ) and the percentage of the maximum possible effect ( MPE ) was calculated. Lumbar segment of the spinal cord ( L4-6 ) was removed for microscopic examination and determination of c-Fos expression (by immuno-histochemistry) at 7, 24 and 48 h after IT dexmedetomidine or normal saline administration. Results PWMT, TFL and the percentage of MPE were significantly increased after IT dexmedetomidine as compared with the baseline values at T0 in groups D1-3 ( P ＜ 0.05). PWMT was significantly higher at T1 and TFL and the percentage of MPE were higher at T2 in groups D1-3 than in groups C and N,and in group D3 than in groups D1,2 ( P ＜ 0.05). At 7,24 h after IT dexmedetomidine c-Fos protein expression was significantly higher in group D3 than in groups C and N( P ＜ 0.05). There was no significant difference in c-Fos expression at 48 h after IT dexmedetomidine between group D3 and groups C and N ( P ＞ 0.05 ). At 24 h after IT dexmedetomidine c-Fos protein expression was significantly higher in group D3 than in other 4 groups( P ＜ 0.05). Slight spinal cord injury was observed at 24 h after IT dexmedetomidine in group D3. Conclusion IT dexmedetomidine has antinociceptive effect. High dose dexmedetomidine IT can produce transient reversible toxicity to the spinal cord.

Objective To evaluate the changes in the expression of DJ-1 protein during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in diabetic rats.Methods Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 220-280 g,were used in this study.Type 1 diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal streptozotocin 65 mg/kg and confirmed by fasting blood glucose ＞ 16.7 mmol/L.Forty animals with type 1 diabetes mellitus were randomly divided into 3 groups:diabetes group (group D,n =10),diabetic sham operation group (group DS,n =15) and diabetic I/R group (group DIR,n =15).Another 10 non-diabetic rats in which citrate buffer 6 ml/kg was injected intraperitoneally were served as control group (group C).Myocardial I/R was produced by occlusion of the anterior descending branch of left coronary artery for 30 min followed by 120 min reperfusion in group I/R.At 120 min of reperfusion,5 rats were sacrificed and myocardial specimens were c(on)tained for determination of infarct size in groups DS and DIR,and 10 rats were sacrificed and myocardial specimens were obtained for microscopic examination and for determination of cell apoptosis,malondialdehyde (MDA) content,superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and expression of DJ-1 and phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) protein.Apoptotic index (AI) was calculated.Linear correlation between the expression of DJ-1 protein and MDA content,SOD activity,AI and expression of PTEN protein was analyzed.Results Compared with group DS,the myocardial infract size was significantly increased in group DIR (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group C,MDA content and AI were significantly increased,SOD activity was decreased,the expression of DJ-1 was down-regulated,and the expression of PTEN protein was up-regulated in groups D,DS and DIR (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with groups D and DS,MDA content and AI were significantly increased,SOD activity was decreased,the expression of DJ-1 was down-regulated,and the expression of PTEN protein was up-regulated in group DIR (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the parameters mentioned above between groups D and DS (P ＞ 0.05).There was linear correlation between the expression of DJ-1 protein and MDA content,SOD activity,AI and expression of PTEN protein and the correlation coefficients (r) were-0.734,0.593,-0.818,and-0.812 in turn.Conclusion Down-regulation of DJ-1 protein expression is involved in myocardial I/R injury in diabetic rats via decreasing anti-oxidative stress responses and upregulating PTEN protein expression.

Objective To evaluate the role of by NO in reduction of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR)injury by ginsenoside Rb1 preconditioning in diabetic rats. Methods Forty healthy adult male SD rats weighing 220-280 g were used in this study. Diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal streptozotocin 65 mg/kg and confirmed by fasting blood glucose ＞ 16.7 mmol/L. The animals were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 10each): sham operation group (group S), group IR, ginsenoside Rb1 group (group R) and L-NAME + ginsenoside Rb1 group (group LR). IR was produced by occlusion of the anterior descending branch of left coronary artery (LAD) for 30 min followed by 120 min reperfusion in group IR, R and LR. In group S, LAD was exposed but not occluded. In group LR, L-NAME 10 mg/kg was injected iv 25 min before ischemia. In group R and LR, ginsenoside Rb1 40 mg/kg was injected iv 10 min before ischemia. In group S and IR, eaqual volume of normal saline was injected instead of ginsenoside Rb1. The blood sample was taken from carotid artery at 120 min of reperfusion for determination of serum activities of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Then the animals were sacrificed and myocadial tissues were obtained for determination of infarct size, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression, MDA and NO contents, SOD activity and microscopic examination. Results The serum activities of CK and LDH were significantly increased and the myocardial infarct size was enlarged in group IR, R and LR, and eNOS expression was significantly down-regulated, MDA content was increased, and SOD activity and NO content was significantly decreased in group IR and LR compared with group S ( P ＜ 0.05). The serum activities of CK and LDH, and MDA content were significantly decreased, the myocardial infarct size was reduced, the expression of eNOS was up-regulated and the activity of SOD was increased in group R compared with group IR and LR ( P ＜ 0.05). There was no significant difference in the indices mentioned above between group IR and LR ( P＞ 0.05). Conclusion Ginsenoside Rb1 preconditioning can attenuate myocardial IR injury in diabetic rats via activation of eNOS, increase in NO production, and inhibition of the lipid peroxidation reaction.

AIM　To characterize the primary structure of recombinant L-asparaginase II product. METHODS　The molecular weight of the protein was measured by pneumatically-assisted electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with flow injection mode. Subsequently, tryptic peptide mapping was performed by high performance liquid chromatography on a C8 column with tandem UV and MS detection. An easy-to-use and simple denaturation process with trichloroacetic acid was conducted prior to tryptic digest so as to release the digest resistance from the protein structure. The amino acid sequences of the tryptic peptides were elucidated based on their in-source collision-induced dissociation spectra. RESULTS　The measured molecular mass was different from the theoretical value. Three amino acid variations were unambiguously detected along the peptide backbone derived from the gene-encoding sequence. CONCLUSION　This paper revealed that LC/ESI/MS had provided a promising and robust technique in primary structure analysis and quality control of DNA-derived recombinant protein pharmaceuticals.

Objective To evaluate the effects of Janus kinase 2/signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathway on the brain injury induced by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in diabetic rats.Methods Pathogen-free male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 200-220 g,were used in this study.Diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal 1％ streptozotocin 60 mg/kg and confirmed by blood glucose level ≥ 16.7 mmol/L 3 days later.Twenty-four rats with diabetes mellitus were randomly allocated into 3 groups (n =8 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (group S),I/R group,and myocardial I/R + AG490 (JAK inhibitor) group (group ⅠA).Myocardial I/R was induced by occlusion of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery for 30 min,followed by 120 min of reperfusion in the rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium.AG490 3 mg/kg was injected intravenously at 20 min before reperfusion in group IA.The rats were sacrificed at 120 min of reperfusion,and the brains were removed for determination of caspase-3 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activities (using colorimetric method),cell apoptosis (by TUNEL),and expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1),IL-6,IL-8,Bax,Bcl-2,cytochrome C (Cyt c),phosphorylated JAK2 (p-JAK2),and phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) (by Western blot).Apoptosis index was calculated.Results Compared with group S,the expression of Bax,Cyt c,IL-1,IL-6,IL-8,p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 was significantly up-regulated,the expression of Bcl-2 was down-regulated,and NF-κB and caspase-3 activities and apoptosis index were increased in I/R and IA groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group I/R,the expression of Bax,Cyt c,IL-1,IL-6,IL-8,p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 was significantly down-regulated,the expression of Bcl-2 was up-regulated,and NF-κB and caspase-3 activities and apoptosis index were decreased in group IA (P＜0.05).Conclusion Inflammatory responses mediated by JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway are involved in the brain injury induced by myocardial I/R in diabetic rats.