Objective There are still different news on the preemptive analgesia. We aimed to investigate the preemptive analgesic effect of rofecoxib on the tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) sodium current in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons m a rat model of acute pain. Methods Seventy-five male SD rats weighing 100-140 g were randomly divided into five groups with 15 animals in each group: (A) sham operation + placebo group; (B) operation control group received placebo orally before operation; (C) preoperatine rofecoxib group received oral rofecoxib 10mg?kg-1 h before operation; (D) and (E) postoperatire, rofecoxib group Ⅰ and Ⅱ received oral rofecoxib 10mg?kg immediately (D) and 1 h (E) after operation. Acute pain was produced by an 1 cm long incision in the plantar surface of the right hindpaw through skin, fascia and muscle. Pain threshold to mechanical stimulation with von Frey filament was measured before (baseline) and 2, 6,12, 48, 96 h after operation. The animals were killed by cervical dislocation before and 24, 48, 96 h after incision. DRGs at L3.5 on the operated side were isolated and minced. DRG neurons were isolated by digestion with collagenase Ⅰ A and trypsin TTX-R Na-current density in DRG neurons were measured by using whole-cell patch clamp technique. Results There was no significant change in pain threshold to mechanical stimulation and Na-current density in DRG neurons during the experiment in group A, The withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimuli was significantly decreased after operation compared to the baseline in the four groups ( B, C, D, E). The decrease in pain threshold was significantly less in group C,D,E than that m group B at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 h after operation and was the least in group C Current density (pA/pF) was significantly increased at 24 h and 48 h after operation compared to baseline in group B, C, D, E. The increase in current density was significantly less in group C, D, E than in group B and was the least in group C.Conclusion Rofecoxib given before operation has preemptive analgesic effect in a rat model of acute pain. Stronger inhibition of TTX-R Na-current m DRG neurons may contribute to the underlying mechanism.

Background Dry eye is a common disease worldwide.Cyclosporine A(CsA) is provided to be a immunosuppressive agent and is effective on dry eye.But in China,0.05％ CsA is not yet applied in dry eye treatment.Objective This study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 0.05％ CsA eye drops in the treatment of dry eye.Methods This was a randomized,double-blind,vehicle-controlled parallel group study.Forty eyes of 40 patients with moderate to severe dry eye were randomly divided into two groups,with the corresponding treatment of 0.05％ CsA eye drops or the vehicle emulsion.The patients in both the groups received non-preserved artificial tear.Symptoms and signs were observed before administration,(7±1),(28±2),(56±3),and (84±3) days and also 14 days after withdrawal.The clinical effective rate was considered as the primary outcome.The subjective assessment of the patients including total symptom scores and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) scores,Schirmer Ⅰ test (S Ⅰ t) with topical anaesthesia,tear film breakup time (BUT),rose Bengal and fluorescein staining scores were evaluated.The safety profile was evaluated by adverse events,visual acuity and ocular tolerance.Results At the end of this trial,the ocular symptoms scores,conjunctival hyperemia,BUT,S Ⅰ t and keratoconjunctiva staining scores of the two groups had statistically significant difference.The total effective rate of 0.05％ CsA treatment group was 75％ (15/20) and vehicle group was 25％ (5/20).There was a statistically significant difference between groups (P =0.000),and the 95％ confidence interval (C1) of the difference value of total effectiveness between the two groups was 30.80％-53.75％.At the end of this trial,there was no statistically significant difference in visual acuity distribution (P =0.890).No obvious discomfort was found in the patients received 0.05％ CsA eye drops.There were no adverse events during the follow-up duration.Conclusions 0.05％ CsA ophthalmic emulsion is an effective and safe treatment for dry eyes.

BACKGROUND:Cel membrane microparticles CD31 and CD54 lead to microvascular injury in the femoral head by mediating vascular inflammatory response, promoting blood clotting, affecting vasomotion and promoting vascular endothelial injury. Studies have verified that membrane particles play an important role in steroid-induced necrosis of the femoral head, but there is no studies concerning relationship between microparticles and alcohol-induced avascular necrosis of femoral head. METHODS/DESIGN:This is a randomized control ed animal study. Healthy male Wistar rats wil be randomly assigned to two groups. In the model group, rats wil be intragastrical y administered hard liquor for 6 consecutive months to prepare models of alcohol-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Blank controls wil be intragastrical y given an equal volume of physiological saline. In 1-6 months of intervention, six rats wil be randomly selected from each group every month. Blood wil be col ected separately. Flow cytometry wil be used to detect serum cel membrane particles CD31, CD54 levels. Bilateral femoral head wil be fixed, decalcified, embedded in wax, and then sections. After hematoxylin-eosin staining, empty bone lacuna wil be quantified under a light microscope to identify femoral head necrosis. Verhoff’s staining and MSB microthrombosis staining wil be used to observe microvascular injury and microvascular thrombosis in the femoral head, and to analyze the correlation of CD31 and CD54 levels with femoral head necrosis, vascular endothelial injury and microvascular thrombosis. DISCUSSION:This study wil investigate the effects of CD31 and CD54 on alcohol-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head, explore the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head, provide a new theoretical basis for early diagnosis and early treatment, and may provide a new target for its treatment. ETHICS APPROVAL:The protocol has been approved by the Animal Experimental Ethics Committee of Inner Mongolia Medical University (approval number YKD2016154). Experimental procedures and materials of rats wil be in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, which is consistent with the guide of National Institutes of Health. Subject headings:Femur Head Necrosis;Membrane Proteins;Tissue Engineering

BACKGROUND:The relationship between long-term heavy drinking and alcohol-induced necrosis of the femoral head has long been clear, but thepathogenesis of alcohol-induced necrosis of the femoral head is currently not fuly understood.
OBJECTIVE:To establish a rat model of alcohol-induced avascular necrosis of femoral head and to study its pathogenesis.
METHODS: Eighty Wistar rats were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (40 rats per group). Rats in the experimental group were intragastricaly administered strong wine 10 mL/kg, once a day, for 6 consecutive days. Rats in the control group were given physiological saline 10mL/kg, once a day, for 6 consecutive days. Bilateral femoral heads were randomly colected from six rats every month for histomorphological observation.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) Osteonecrosis: in the experimental group, at 3 months, trabecular bone became thin, arranged disorderly, and the number of empty lacuna began to increase. At 6 months, typical osteonecrosis appeared, and vacant lacunaes increased significantly. In the control group, trabecular bone was complete and neatly arranged. Osteocytes were visible in bone lacuna, and normal morphology of cels was seen. (2) Injury of blood vessels: in the experimental group, at 3 months, micro-intimal hyperplasia was observed. Elastic fibers of partial vascular endothelium were reduced. Elastic fiber andmiddle-layer smooth muscle breakage and proliferation were found. At 6 months, above manifestations were more remarkable. In the control group, arteriole film was not thickened, and vessel wal was normal. (3) Formation of microthrombus, in the experimental group, the number of microthrombus was increased at 3 months, and became significant at 6 months. In the control group, the number of microthrombus was not altered. (4) Results indicated that chronic alcohol intake can lead to microvascular endothelial injury in the rat femoral head. Abnormal blood microcirculation was detected in local region, and resulted in avascular necrosis of the femoral head. The degree of necrosis was associated with alcohol intake.

Objective:To evaluate the effects of maxillomandibular advancement and contrarotation in the treatment of severe com-plicated multilevel obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS).Methods:1 2 patients (all males,aged 26 to 56 years) with severe complicated multilevel OSAHS were treated by orthognathic surgery methods of maxillomandibular advancement and cont-rarotation and followed up for 6 -1 2 months.Results:After surgery the symptoms of all patients,such as snoring,waking up be-cause of stoke and streaming with sweat,disappeared or were ameliorated remarkably.The AHI index declined from 51 -70 before operation to 0 -3 after operation.While sleeping,their blood oxygen saturation augmented from 30% -70.1 % presurgically to 93%-99% postsurgically,and their average blood oxygen saturation increased from 60% -72% presurgically to 95% -99% postsurgi-cally in all 1 2 patients.Conclusion:Orthognathic surgery method of maxillomandibular advancement and contrarotation is effective in the treatment of severe complicated multilevel OSAHS.

Objective To observe the effect of a rotating magnetic field in preventing and treating irradiation-induced esophagitis in rats. Methods Forty female Wistar rats were randomized into 5 groups:a non-irradiated control group,an irradiation group,an amifostine treatment group ( amifostine group ),a 90 min magnetic field treatment group (90 min magnetic group) and a 120 min magnetic field treatment group ( 120 min magnetic group),with 8 rats in each group.The esophaguses of all rats except those in the control group were exposed to a single irradiation with 6 MV X-rays from a linear accelerator at a dosage of 43 Gy.Four rats in each group were randomly chosen to be observed 1 and 2 weeks after the irradiation.Blood cytokines were detected in their arterial blood.Any pathological changes of the esophagus were observed with HE staining under a light microscope at the same time. Results Irradiation-induced esophagitis was observed in the irradiation group 7 days after irradiation,with obvious exfoliation and necrosis of the esophagal epithelium mucosae.The submucosa were hyperaemic and dropsical with abundant inflammatory cell infiltration.The pathological changes of the esophagus were similar at 7 and 14 days after irradiation.However,the irradiation-induced esophagitis of rats in the amifostine group,the 90 min magnetic group and the 120 min magnetic group were relatively slighter and the blood leucocytes and neutrophis in those 3 groups were significantly lower than those in the irradiation group,while a tendency toward repair of the mucosa of the esophagus was detected.Serum TNF-α,IL-1 and IL-6 in the 90 min magnetic group and 120 min magnetic group were significantly lower than those in the irradiation group. Conclusions Both a rotating magnetic field and amifostine can help prevent and treat irradiation-induced esophagitis.Their therapeutic efficacy is similar.Exposure to a rotating magnetic field could inhibit the expression of inflammatory factors,and thus lessen the inflammatory reaction of acute irradiation-induced esophagitis.

Objective To observe the efficacy of a rotating magnetic field and granisetron hydrochloride in preventing nausea and vomiting caused by a eisplatin regimen, and any side effects. Methods Sixty-eight patients receiving cisplatin regimen chemotherapy were randomly assigned to two groups: a magnetic treatment group and a drug treatment group. The patients in the two groups were exposed to a rotating magnetic field or received granisetron hydrochloride, respectively. The effects of the treatments were observed. Results Both treatments could effectively prevent and treat the vomiting caused by chemotherapy. The rate of response to the rotating magnetic field was 88.2% and to the drug 91.2%. However, tardive vomiting was significantly better controlled in the rotating magnetic field group. The incidence of side effects in the magnetic field group was 20.6% , and in the drug treatment group it was 45.6%. Conclusion The efficacy of a rotating magnetic field and granisetron in treating acute vomiting were simi- lar. The rotating magnetic field was more effective in preventing tardive vomiting and had fewer side effects. Magnetic therapy should be more generally applied in clinical practice.

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of geographic distribution and change trend of myopia prevalence for children and adolescents aged 7-18 years old from 2005 to 2014, which provides the basis for the prevention of myopia. Methods: Research material was selected from the data of 2005, 2010, and 2014 Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health, including 31 provinces (with the exception of Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan). The complete detection data of binoculus in children and adolescents aged 7-18 years old were selected as our research objects. The research objects of three studies were 233 505, 216 474, and 215 160, respectively. We analyzed the characteristics of geographic distribution and change trend of myopia prevalence for children and adolescents aged 7-18 years old in 31 provinces from 2005 to 2014. Results: The overall myopia detection rates in Chinese children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 years old in 31 provinces were 47.4% (111 707/235 505), 55.6% (120 456/216 474), and 57.2% (122 965/215 160) in 2005, 2010 and 2014, respectively. The growth range in this two phases were 8.0 percentage points, and 1.6 percentage points, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The detection rate of Myopia was growing quickly from 2005 to 2010 and only three provinces were in the situation of decline state including Tianjin, Hainan, and Ningxia. 90.3 percent (28/31) of provinces were in the situation of growth state and the growth range was 1.3%-22.3%. The growth of myopia was in the situation of slowdown from 2010 to 2014, and 38.7 percent (12/31) of the provinces were in negative growth districts including Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, Hubei, Guangxi, Guizhou, Tibet, Qianghai, and Xinjiang. The growth range in other provinces was 0.4%-24.7%. Conclusion The myopia detection rate was at a higher level and growing constantly in China. There was large difference for myopia of children and adolescents among the 31 provinces. However, the overall growth rate of myopia in children and adolescents was in the situation of a relatively low level form 2010 to 2014.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) among children and adolescents aged 10-16 years old in 7 provinces in China. Methods: Using the method of stratified cluster random sampling, 93 primary and secondary schools were selected from Guangdong, Hunan, Liaoning, Shanghai, Chongqing, Tianjin, and Ningxia provinces in China. A total of 9 296 students aged 10-16 years old with complete physical and biochemical parameters were selected as the subjects of the present study from above 93 primary and secondary schools. MS was determined using the definition of 'guideline of 2010 Chinese children and adolescents MS definition and treatment’. The standardized age-sex composition of the 2010 census was used to standardize the MS detection rate of every province. Chi-square test was used to compare the difference of MS prevalence among participants with different characteristics. Results: The prevalence of MS was 4.1% (384/9 296) among children and adolescents aged 10-16 years old in 7 provinces in China. The prevalence of MS among males was 5.0% (237/4 754), which was significantly higher than females (3.2%) (147/4 542) (P<0.05). Stratified by nutrition conditions, the prevalence of MS was 0, 0.6% (39/6 733), 8.9% (104/1 170), 30.0% (241/803) for thin, normal weight, overweight, and obese population, respectively. The MS prevalence increased with the increase of body mass index (BMI) (P<0.001). Stratified by provinces, the prevalence of MS was the highest in Tianjin (9.2%) and the lowest in Hunan province (0.8%). Conclusion The prevalence of MS was high among children and adolescents aged 10-16 years old in 7 provinces in China. MS prevalence among males was higher than females; MS prevalence among overweight/obese population was higher than normal weight population. The detection rate of metabolic syndrome was different in different provinces.

Objective: To evaluate the physical fitness and its regional distribution of students aged 13-18 years in China, using the National Standards for Students’ Physical Fitness (revised in 2014). Methods: We recruited 105 834 students aged 13 to 18 years from the Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health project in 2014. Related total scores, rates for qualified and for excellence (the proportions of individuals whose total score greater than or equal to 60.0 or 90.0) of these students were gathered. T test was applied to compare means of total score in different groups. χ² test was used to compare the differences of qualified or excellence rates between different groups while Pearson correlation method was applied to test the relation of each index with per capita GDP. Results: The average score was (70.1±10.7) among students aged 13 to 18 years in China. 88 805 (83.9%) students whose score exceeded 60.0 while 1 734 (1.6%) exceeded 90.0. Average score, rates of both qualified or excellence of students aged 13 to 15 appeared higher than those aged 16 to 18 but lower in males than in females. However, the rate of excellence was much higher in male students. Students living in urban areas showed both lower average score and qualified rate but higher rate of excellence than those living in rural areas. Both qualified and Excellent rates decreased with the increase of age in both sexes. We also noticed that both higher physical fitness and health status appeared in students from the east coast. Pearson correlation coefficient of each index (average score, qualified or Excellent rate) on per capital GDP appeared as 0.56, 0.43 and 0.65, respectively. Conclusion In 2014, the physical fitness of Chinese students aged 13 to 18 was not satisfactory, with older students and those living in underdeveloped areas, in particular.