OBJECTIVE: To discuss the method of reducing error in estimating postmortem interval (PMI). METHODS: Two hundred and fifty-six solved murder cases from 2003 January to 2013 January in Changzhou and Nanjing City were collected, The PMI of all cases was estimated by traditional method and then compared with the real PMI obtained after the cases were solved. The cases were grouped according to the PMI, the accuracy was calculated, and the reasons of suboptimal PMI were analyzed. RESULTS: The accuracies of early PMI (less than 12h and 13-24 h) were 90% and 89%, respectively; while the accuracies of late PMI (1-7 d, 1-2 weeks, 3-4 weeks, 1-6 months, 7-12 months and 1-5 years) decreased over time, being 79%, 76%, 83%, 79%, 60% and 50%, respectively. The common reasons of estimating error included improper inference methods, water submerged body, extreme temperature, lack of objective evidence, intentionally abandoned body, and changed or destroyed scene, etc. CONCLUSION The multiple index data can reduce the error in estimating PMI.
Autopsy ; Cause of Death ; Forensic Pathology/methods* ; Homicide ; Humans ; Postmortem Changes ; Retrospective Studies ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Time Factors

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Electrodes ; Epistaxis ; surgery ; Female ; Hemostasis, Endoscopic ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

Child ; China ; Communicable Diseases ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging ; Humans ; Multicenter Studies as Topic

Objective As the genome sequence of Campylobacter jejuni is a hypervariable sequence, the peblA gene sequence of Campylobacter jejuni Pen∶19 was sequenced and the peblA gene conservative was identified. To construct the eukaryotic expression recombinant plasmid of the peblA gene of Campylobacter jejuni Pen∶19 . Methods Total DNA of Campylobacter jejuni Pen∶2, Pen∶8, Pen∶19 and Pen∶21 as templates respectively, peblA gene DNA with KpnⅠ and EcoRⅠ sites was amplified by PCR using the same primer and the PCR product of Pen∶19 was sequenced. Because most close association with Guillain-Barre syndrome, the PCR product of Pen∶19 was selected as target gene and cloned into pcDNA3.1(+) and constructed the recombinant plasmid that was identified by endonuclease digestion and PCR and confirmed by sequencing. The recombinant plasmid was then transfected into mammalian cell COS-7 for expression. The transient expression was investigated by RT-PCR. The expression of peblA gene in the culture supernatant of positive clones was analyzed by ELISA. Results The peblA gene sequence of Campylobacter jejuni Pen∶2 and Pen∶19 was identical. The target gene was amplified from COS-7 cells transfected with recombinant plasmids by RT-PCR. PEBl protein could express in the culture supernatant in the transfected COS-7 cells by ELISA. Conclusion The peblA gene of Campylobacter jejuni was conservative. The recombinant plasmid was constructed and expressed in COS-7 cells successfully. The results obtained lay the foundation for research on development of Campylobacter jejuni DNA vaccine.

It is the objective of this study to develop dynamic predictive model for the extraction process of red Ginseng using NIR spectroscopy. NIR spectroscopy was collected online and PLSR models were developed for total quantity of ginsenosides. The performance of NIR prediction model achieved R, RMSEC, RMSEP of 0.996 09, 0.018 9, 0.016 8, respectively. A first order dynamic mass transfer model was combined with NIR prediction of the quality indicator to predict the trajectory of the extraction process based upon the initial 3 or 4 data points. The results showed good agreement with actual measurements indicating reasonable accuracy of the predictive model. It could potentially be used for advanced predictive control of the extraction process.
Chemical Fractionation ; methods ; Ginsenosides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Models, Theoretical ; Panax ; chemistry ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared

It is the objective of this study to optimize the extraction process of red ginseng to minimize the unit cost of extracting effective ingredients. The relation between the target variables of total quantity of ginsenosides and first extraction time, first extraction solution amount, second extraction time, second extract solution amount were studied with Box-Behnken experimental design method. At the same we also considered the cost of extraction solution and energy usage. The objective function was set as unit cost of target (total quantity of ginsenosides or its purity) for the multi-objective optimization of extraction process. As a result, the optimal process parameters were found as first extraction time (108.7 min), first extraction solution amount folds (12), second extraction time (30 min), second extraction solution amount folds (8) to minimize the unit cost. It indicated that this approach could potentially be used to optimize industrial extraction process for manufacturing Chinese medicine.
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; economics ; methods ; Cost Control ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; economics ; isolation & purification ; Panax ; chemistry

A set of central composite design experiments were designed by using four factors which were ethanol amount, ethanol concentration, refrigeration temperature and refrigeration time. The relation between these factors with the target variables of the retention rate of schizandrol A, the soluble solids content, the removal rate of fructose and the removal rate of glucose were analyzed with Bayesian networks, and ethanol amount and ethanol concentration were found as the critical process parameters. Then a network model was built with 2 inputs and 4 outputs using back propagation artificial neural networks which was optimized by genetic algorithms. The R2 and MSE from the training set were 0.983 8 and 0.001 1. The R2 and MSE from the test set were 0.975 9 and 0.001 8. The results showed that network analysis method could be used for modeling of Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus ethanol precipitation process and identify critical operating parameters.
Bayes Theorem ; Chemical Precipitation ; Cold Temperature ; Cyclooctanes ; chemistry ; Ethanol ; chemistry ; Fructose ; analysis ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Glucose ; analysis ; Lignans ; chemistry ; Neural Networks (Computer) ; Polycyclic Compounds ; chemistry ; Reproducibility of Results ; Schisandra ; chemistry ; Time Factors

Female ; Hemoperfusion ; Humans ; Male ; Organophosphate Poisoning ; Pesticides ; poisoning ; Poisoning ; therapy ; Renal Dialysis

Objective To preparation a kind of Herceptin loaded and breast cancer targeted high molecular polymer ultrasound contrast agent and investigate their affinity for breast cancer in vitro. Methods The high molecular polymer PLGA-COOH ultrasound contrast agents were produced by the double emulsion technique. Herceptin was covalently linked to the PLGA-COOH nanoparticle surface using a carbodiimide technique. Its physical property was determined. The combination of Herceptin with the PLGA-COOH nanoparticle was proved by immunofluorescent assay,and the PLGA-COOH nanoparticle targeting specifity to breast cancer cells was observed with light microscope and confocal microscope,normal PLGA-COOH nanoparticle was served as control group. Results The diameter range of targeted high molecular polymer ultrasound contrast agents was 466.8～857.6 nm, the average diameter was (662.2 ± 69. 7) nm,85.9% of the diameter was in the range. Green punctiform fluorescence was observed by fluorescence microscope,and the conjugation of the targeted high molecular polymer ultrasound contrast agents with MCF-7 cells was tight while the conjugation in control group was negative. Conclusions The Herceptin loaded PLGA-COOH targeted ultrasound contrast agents was prepared successfully. The targeted ultrasound contrast agents can bind to breast cancer effectively in vitro.

Objective To assess the application of three-dimensional digital subtraction angiography (3D-DSA) in evaluation of ruptured intracranial aneurysm after clipping and to discuss the different variable use of vol-ume rendering(VR), gradient rendering (GR) and maximum intensity projection (MIP). Methods From January 2011 to December 2012 , 88 patients with 92 ruptured intracranial aneurysms were treated with clipping using titani-um clips in our hospital and followed up by both 2D-DSA and 3D-DSA. Residual aneurysms , Clips place, clips and parent arteries and stenosis of parent arteries were evaluated by volume rendering (VR), gradient rendering (GR) and maximum intensity projection (MIP). Results Among 92 clipped aneurysms, 23 residual aneurysms were found by 3D-DSA. Residual aneurysms were recorded according to the Sindou grade: 15 of gradeⅠ, 3 of gradeⅡ, 4 of grade Ⅲand 1 of grade Ⅳ. Three patients of grade Ⅲand 1 of grade Ⅳwith residual aneurysms were retreated by clipping or coiling, and 1 patient of grade Ⅲ was dead with rupture of residual aneurysm. The clips and number of clips were clearly visualized , and relationship between the clips and the aneurysms was well demonstrated by VR, GR and MIP images. VR, GR images showed the remnants clearly. Three-dimensional digital subtraction angiography did not showed accurate details of the stenosis of parent arties which required an analysis of 2D-DSA. Conclusion Three-dimensional digital subtraction angiography can be used for definite evaluation of resid-ual aneurysms after clipping, especially by VR, GR images. It is helpful to manage the residual ruptured aneurysms.